﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"><channel><title>IT博客-IC Design WorkShop-文章分类-03-RF &amp; Microwave</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/category/4757.html</link><description>Analog/Mixed-Signal/RF IC Design</description><language>zh-cn</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2011 21:07:19 GMT</lastBuildDate><pubDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2011 21:07:19 GMT</pubDate><ttl>60</ttl><item><title>MOSFET Cut-off Frequency fT and Maximum Operation Frequency fmax</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/43216.html</link><dc:creator>TaoCheng</dc:creator><author>TaoCheng</author><pubDate>Sat, 03 May 2008 21:47:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/43216.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/43216.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/43216.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/commentRss/43216.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/services/trackbacks/43216.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Definition of f<sub>T</sub>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>Frequency at which current gain is dropped to 1 (0dB); <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Definition of f<sub>max</sub>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Frequency at which power gain is dropped to 1 (0dB) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">3.1 Calculation of f<sub>T</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Assumptions: 1) Drain is short to ground; 2) Input current source is ideal (no parallel resistance); 3) Ignore the feed-through current to output by C<sub>gd</sub>; 4) C<sub>gd</sub> is considered only in input impedance calculation <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 7pt; mso-text-raise: -7.0pt"><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t75 stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id=_x0000_i1025 style="WIDTH: 87pt; HEIGHT: 18.75pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></span><span lang=EN-US>, <span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 6pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1026 style="WIDTH: 42.75pt; HEIGHT: 15.75pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings">&#224;</span></span><span lang=EN-US> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 16pt; mso-text-raise: -16.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1027 style="WIDTH: 147.75pt; HEIGHT: 36pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings">&#224;</span></span><span lang=EN-US> <span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 16pt; mso-text-raise: -16.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1028 style="WIDTH: 84.75pt; HEIGHT: 33pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(3.01)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1029 style="WIDTH: 303.75pt; HEIGHT: 93pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.emz"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Fig 3.1 f<sub>T</sub> Calculation <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">3.2 Calculation of f<sub>max</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Assumptions: 1) Drain is short to ground; 2) Input and output are conjugate matching; 3) The series gate resistance of M1 is r<sub>g</sub>; 5) Ignore the feed-through current by C<sub>gd</sub>; 6) Consider feedback current by C<sub>gd</sub> in output impedance calculation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1030 style="WIDTH: 450pt; HEIGHT: 93pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.emz" cropright="974f" cropleft="1066f"></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=center><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Fig 3.2 f<sub>max</sub> Calculation <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Firstly, calculate the real part of output impedance according to Fig 3.2(c): <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 23pt; mso-text-raise: -23.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1031 style="WIDTH: 87.75pt; HEIGHT: 51pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings">&#224;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 14pt; mso-text-raise: -14.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1032 style="WIDTH: 132pt; HEIGHT: 32.25pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings">&#224;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 14pt; mso-text-raise: -14.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1033 style="WIDTH: 138.75pt; HEIGHT: 32.25pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(3.02)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Input/output power and power gain is: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 31pt; mso-text-raise: -31.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1034 style="WIDTH: 114.75pt; HEIGHT: 66.75pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings">&#224;</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 15pt; mso-text-raise: -15.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1035 style="WIDTH: 164.25pt; HEIGHT: 50.25pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(3.03)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Therefore, the maximum operation frequency of MOS transistor is: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 15pt; mso-text-raise: -15.0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_i1036 style="WIDTH: 72.75pt; HEIGHT: 33.75pt" o:ole="" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ctao\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 16">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(3.04)</span> 
<img src ="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/aggbug/43216.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/" target="_blank">TaoCheng</a> 2008-05-04 05:47 <a href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/43216.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>从阻抗匹配解析射频传输线技术</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/23311.html</link><dc:creator>TaoCheng</dc:creator><author>TaoCheng</author><pubDate>Sun, 25 Feb 2007 04:53:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/23311.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/23311.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/23311.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/commentRss/23311.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/services/trackbacks/23311.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: 驻波比（																														SWR																												）																																		两频率相同、振幅相近的电磁波能量流（														energy flows												）面对面地相...&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/23311.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/aggbug/23311.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/" target="_blank">TaoCheng</a> 2007-02-25 12:53 <a href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/23311.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>混频器、放大器和振荡器中常用RF术语</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22370.html</link><dc:creator>TaoCheng</dc:creator><author>TaoCheng</author><pubDate>Sat, 27 Jan 2007 05:25:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22370.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/22370.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22370.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/commentRss/22370.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/services/trackbacks/22370.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[
		<div align="justify">
				<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
						<tbody>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<h1>
														<font size="2">理解无线数据资料规范－第1部分</font>
												</h1>
										</td>
								</tr>
						</tbody>
				</table>
		</div>
		<div align="justify">
				<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
						<tbody>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<i>这篇学习材料介绍并定义了在混频器、放大器和振荡器的数据资料中用到的RF术语。文中介绍的术语包括增益、变频增益、相位噪声、三阶截取点、P1dB、插入损耗、输出功率、调谐增益和调谐范围，文中还给出了图形和图像以阐明关键的概念。</i>
												</font>
												<p>
														<!-- BEGIN: DB HTML -->
														<font size="2">这篇学习材料解释了一些在无线IC数据资料中出现的通用规范。这些规范都是与放大器、混频器和振荡器有关的。放大器和混频器的规范是基本相同的，只有很少的例外。压控振荡器(VCO)有一套单独的规范。 </font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<font size="2">
																<img alt="图1. 放大器、混频器和VCO组成了一个简单的无线接收机" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/2041Fig01.gif" />
														</font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<br />
														<i>图1. 放大器、混频器和VCO组成了一个简单的无线接收机</i>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
														</font>
												</p>
												<h2>
														<font size="2">放大器和混频器的通用规范</font>
												</h2>
												<font size="2">
														<b>增益</b>是无线组成部件(例如放大器或混频器)中电压或功率的增加。在数据资料中增益的规范几乎都是以dB为单位给出的。这三个术语：增益、电压增益和功率增益通常是可以互换的。因为当输入和输出阻抗相同时以dB为单位的电压增益和功率增益的数值是相同的。例如，20dB增益等于10V/V的电压增益，10V/V的电压增益又等于100W/W的功率增益，这也是20dB。电压增益和功率增益以线性尺度衡量是不同的，但是以dB为单位是相同的，因此这些术语可以互换而不会造成混乱。 </font>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>变频增益</b>是混频器或频率变换器件的规范。它被称作变频增益是因为输入和输出的频率是不同的。输入信号被混频变换到更低或更高的频率。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>插入损耗或衰减</b>也是一个增益的规范，只是输出值比输入值有所降低。也就是说，输出信号的幅度小于输入信号。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>输出功率</b>是可得到的驱动一个一般为50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" />的负载的RF功率总量。通常以dBm表示。dBm是以dB表示的毫瓦的数量。例如，250mW等于10 <img src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/Mult.gif" align="absMiddle" /> log10(250)= +24dBm。<br />这里有几个以dBm表示功率的例子，假设阻抗为50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" />： </font>
												</p>
												<blockquote>
														<font size="2">+30dBm = 1W = 7.1V<sub>RMS</sub><br />0dBm = 1mW = 0.225V<sub>RMS</sub><br />-100dBm = 0.1pW = 2.25µV<sub>RMS</sub></font>
												</blockquote>
												<p align="justify">
														<font size="2">
																<b>1dB压缩点</b>(P1dB)是输出功率的性能参数。压缩点越高意味着输出功率越高。P1dB是指与在很低的功率时相比增益减少1dB时的输入(或输出)功率点。参见<b>图2</b>，增益随输入功率变化的曲线。注意当输入功率升高时增益是如何下降的。这是因为在其最大输出功率时器件达到饱和于是功率不能继续上升。1dB压缩点可以在输入或输出定义。例如，如果输出P1dB规范是+20dBm，则这个元件的输出功率约为+20dBm。减小输出功率使之低于P1dB将减小失真。 </font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<font size="2">
																<img alt="图2. 元件(放大器或混频器)增益随输入功率变化的曲线。由于输出达到饱和，增益在输出功率较高时将会下降。" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/2041Fig02.gif" />
														</font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<br />
														<i>图2. 元件(放大器或混频器)增益随输入功率变化的曲线。由于输出达到饱和，增益在输出功率较高时将会下降。</i>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>三阶截取点</b>(IP3)是表示线性度或失真性能的参数。IP3越高表示线性度越好和更少的失真。IP3通常用两个输入音频测试。<b>图3</b>所示为双音频IP3测试在频域的情况。放大器的输入是两个正弦波(基波)，本例中一个在900MHz另一个在901MHz。放大器的输出是两个欲得到的有用信号。因为放大器不是理想线性的，它还产生了两个三阶互调(IM3)产物。IM3通常以dBm给出。这里显示的IM3失真产物在频率上距离有用信号非常的近因此不能用滤波器轻易地去除它们。为了减少三阶失真产物，必需提高IP3规范。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">三阶互调产物是由放大器或混频器的非线性特性造成的对两个音频输入相互混频(或调制)的结果。这两个IM3产物是： </font>
												</p>
												<p>
												</p>
												<table width="509" border="0">
														<tbody>
																<tr>
																		<td width="68">
																				<font size="2">
																				</font>
																		</td>
																		<td width="164">
																				<font size="2">f<sub>IM3_1</sub> = 2 <img height="4" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/Mult.gif" width="4" /> f1 - f2,</font>
																		</td>
																		<td width="263">
																				<div align="left">
																						<font size="2">i.e. 900 <img height="4" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/Mult.gif" width="4" /> 2 - 901 = 899MHz</font>
																				</div>
																		</td>
																</tr>
																<tr>
																		<td width="68">
																				<font size="2">
																				</font>
																		</td>
																		<td width="164">
																				<font size="2">f<sub>IM3_2</sub> = 2 <img height="4" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/Mult.gif" width="4" /> f2 - f1,</font>
																		</td>
																		<td width="263">
																				<div align="left">
																						<font size="2">i.e. 901 <img height="4" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/Mult.gif" width="4" /> 2 - 900 = 902MHz </font>
																				</div>
																		</td>
																</tr>
														</tbody>
												</table>
												<p align="center">
														<font size="2">
																<img alt="图3. 双音频IP3测试。(左)两个输入音频。(右)输出包含两个被放大的音频、IM3产物和谐波失真。" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/2041Fig03.gif" />
														</font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<br />
														<i>图3. 双音频IP3测试。(左)两个输入音频。(右)输出包含两个被放大的音频、IM3产物和谐波失真。</i>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
														</font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">从数学的角度看，IP3是在基波和三阶失真输出曲线交点的理论输入功率(见<b>图4</b>)。A线是基波(有用的)信号输出功率随输入功率变化的曲线，B线是三阶失真输出功率随输入功率变化的曲线。B线的斜率是A线斜率的3倍(以dB为单位)理论上会与A相交。这个交点就是三阶截取点。在这一点时假设的输入功率就是输入IP3，输出功率就是输出IP3。 </font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<font size="2">
																<img alt="图4. IP3的定义。A线和B线的交点就是假设的IP3。" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/2041Fig04.gif" />
														</font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<br />
														<i>图4. IP3的定义。A线和B线的交点就是假设的IP3。</i>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>谐波失真</b> 是另一个表示失真的规范。它定义了在基频的整数倍频率产生的失真产物(图3)。例如，二次谐波失真-60dBc的意思是在二倍基波频率的失真输出幅度比基波低60dB。dBc是低于基波的dB数(dBc的传统意义是低于载波的dB数)。谐波失真规范在如有线电视这类宽带应用中是十分重要的，但是在手机这类窄带应用中的重要性并不大，因为失真产物之间的频率差别比较大从而可以被容易地滤除。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>噪声因数</b>是由放大器和混频器产生的噪声的性能参数。它将元件产生的噪声与室温下50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" />电阻的热噪声相比较。例如，噪声因数为2意味着放大器产生的噪声和50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" />的电阻产生的噪声相同。从数学角度看， </font>
												</p>
												<p>
												</p>
												<table width="405" border="0">
														<tbody>
																<tr>
																		<td width="82">
																				<font size="2">
																				</font>
																		</td>
																		<td width="123">
																				<div align="right">
																						<font size="2">噪声因数</font>
																				</div>
																		</td>
																		<td width="186">
																				<font size="2">= (P<sub>A</sub> + P<sub>50<img src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" /></sub>)/P<sub>50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" /></sub></font>
																		</td>
																</tr>
																<tr>
																		<td width="82">
																				<font size="2">
																				</font>
																		</td>
																		<td width="123">
																				<font size="2">
																				</font>
																		</td>
																		<td width="186">
																				<font size="2">= 1 + P<sub>A</sub>/P<sub>50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" /></sub></font>
																		</td>
																</tr>
														</tbody>
												</table>
												<p>
														<font size="2">其中P<sub>A</sub>是放大器或混频器产生的噪声功率，P<sub>50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" /></sub>是50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" />电阻产生的热噪声功率。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>噪声系数</b>经常在无线数据资料中给出。它是以dB表示的噪声因数。也就是说，噪声系数等于10 <img src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/Mult.gif" align="absMiddle" /> log<sub>10 </sub>(噪声因数)。典型的低噪声放大器(LNA)具有1dB的噪声系数，这意味着由放大器产生的噪声约为50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" />电阻产生噪声的26%。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">在典型的接收机中，接收到的信号在-100dBm (2µV)的数量级，而在1MHz带宽内50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/ohm.gif" width="12" />电阻产生的热噪声约为-114dBm。可以看出信噪比(SNR)非常低。放大器中的噪声会进一步降低SNR。因此，RF接收机前端的噪声系数必需维持最小。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>回波损耗</b>是表示信号反射性能的参数。回波损耗说明入射功率的一部分被反射回到信号源。例如，如果注入1mW (0dBm)功率给放大器其中10%被反射(反弹)回来，回波损耗就是10dB。从数学角度看，回波损耗为-10 <img src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/Mult.gif" align="absMiddle" /> log [(反射功率)/(入射功率)]。回波损耗通常在输入和输出都进行规定。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">通常要求反射功率尽可能小，这样就有更多的功率传送到负载。典型情况下设计者的目标是至少10dB的回波损耗。有时为了获得更好的噪声系数、IP3或者系统的增益就不能满足这个“凭经验得出的” 10dB回波损耗的要求。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
														</font>
												</p>
												<h2>
														<font size="2">振荡器(VCO)规范</font>
												</h2>
												<font size="2">
														<b>相位噪声</b>是表示振荡器频谱纯度的性能参数。理想情况下，振荡器的输出是单一频率的，可以用一根单独的直线表示。实际中，振荡器存在噪声从而使输出频谱并非是单独的直线，而是带有“裙状”的围绕在载波(基波)频率周围的噪声频谱。这些噪声称为相位噪声。相位噪声通常定义为在距离载波频率偏移某一频率处的1Hz带宽内噪声功率与载波功率之比。例如，在100kHz偏移处-100dBc/Hz的相位噪声规范意味着在距离载波100kHz的地方1Hz带宽内的噪声功率比载波功率低100dB (<b>图5</b>)。 </font>
												<p align="center">
														<font size="2">
																<img alt="图5. 振荡器的输出频谱。裙状频谱是振荡器的相位噪声引起的。" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/2041Fig05.gif" />
														</font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<br />
														<i>图5. 振荡器的输出频谱。裙状频谱是振荡器的相位噪声引起的。</i>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">由于会产生互相混频现象，低相位噪声对无线接收机是重要的。如<b>图6</b>所示，具有噪声的本地振荡器(LO)对接收的有用信号进行混频并转换为IF。如果存在一个干扰信号(来自另一个发射机)，它也同LO进行混频并被下变频到IF频率范围内。因为干扰比有用信号强的多，相位噪声的“尾部”将涌进IF信道内。这一噪声降低了信噪比并恶化了接收机的性能。低相位噪声LO对这种具有强干扰的接收机是重要的。 </font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<font size="2">
																<img alt="图6. 有用信号和干扰信号都被下变频至IF。由于振荡器的相位噪声，被下变频的干扰的尾部噪声覆盖在有用信号信道上并且不能容易地滤除。" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/2041/2041Fig06.gif" />
														</font>
												</p>
												<p align="center">
														<br />
														<i>图6. 有用信号和干扰信号都被下变频至IF。由于振荡器的相位噪声，被下变频的干扰的尾部噪声覆盖在有用信号信道上并且不能容易地滤除。</i>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>调谐范围</b>是VCO覆盖的频率范围。例如，VCO的额定频率为900MHz，但是它可以通过改变其调谐输入电压而调谐到从850MHz到950MHz的范围内。此时的调谐范围是100MHz。通常需要宽的调谐范围以覆盖在规定的供电电压和温度范围内的工作频率范围。 </font>
												</p>
												<p>
														<font size="2">
																<b>调谐增益或VCO增益</b>是当调谐输入电压改变时VCO敏感程度的度量。例如，调谐增益为50MHz/V的意思是当调谐电压改变1V时将有50MHz的频率变化。通常需要低的调谐增益，因为此时被松耦合到振荡器槽路的变容二极管将使振荡器具有更低的相位噪声。<br /><br />———————————————————————————————<br />原文链接(<a href="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/2041">http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/2041</a>)</font>
												</p>
										</td>
								</tr>
						</tbody>
				</table>
		</div>
<img src ="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/aggbug/22370.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/" target="_blank">TaoCheng</a> 2007-01-27 13:25 <a href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22370.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>电压驻波比(Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio)</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22311.html</link><dc:creator>TaoCheng</dc:creator><author>TaoCheng</author><pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2007 10:33:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22311.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/22311.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22311.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/commentRss/22311.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/services/trackbacks/22311.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">What is all this talk about "viswar" (or "viswah" if you are in Taxachusetts? The voltage standing wave ratio is a measure of how well a load is <b>impedance-matched</b> to a source. The value of VSWR is always expressed as a ratio with 1 in the denominator (2:1, 3:1, 10: 1, etc.) It is a <b>scalar measurement</b> only (no angle), so although they reflect waves oppositely, a short circuit and an open circuit have the same VSWR value (infinity:1). A perfect impedance match corresponds to a VSWR 1:1, but in practice you will never achieve it. Impedance matching means you will get </font>
				<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/maxpower.cfm">
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2">maximum power transfer</font>
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> from source to load.</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">In some old microwave text books the Greek lowercase letter sigma (<img height="13" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/sigma.jpg" width="12" />) is used to denote VSWR. We don't use this at Microwaves101.</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Here's an index to our material on VSWR:</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/slottedline.cfm">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Slotted line measurements </font>
						</a>
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2">(separate page) </font>
				</p>
				<p align="justify">
						<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/mismatchloss.cfm">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Mismatch loss</font>
						</a>
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> (separate page)</font>
				</p>
				<p align="justify">
						<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/vswr.cfm#standingwave">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Standing waves in nature</font>
						</a>
				</p>
				<p align="justify">
						<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/vswr.cfm#vswr">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Voltage standing waves</font>
						</a>
				</p>
				<p align="justify">
						<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/vswr.cfm#other">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Other ways to express VSWR</font>
						</a>
				</p>
				<p align="justify">
						<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/vswr.cfm#mismatch">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Calculating VSWR from an impedance mismatch </font>
						</a>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<h3 align="justify">
				<a name="standingwave">
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Standing waves in nature</font>
		</h3>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">What's a standing wave? Luckily there are tons of examples in nature. Any stringed instrument such as a guitar or piano makes makes music using standing waves. But what about a traveling wave that reflects off of an object and creates a standing wave due to constructive interference? Let's go to the beach. Breakers roll in off the ocean, come up on the sand, and disappear; no standing wave occurs. What's happening? The beach is absorbing all (or at least most) of the energy, in effect it is "matched" to the wave front. Now let's go next door to marina where all of those expensive yachts are moored... chances are there are vertical concrete seawalls inside the marina to allow owners to bring their boats close enough so that only a small walkway is needed to get to them. Now notice the breakwater that extends around the marina, with only a narrow opening for boats to go in and out. That's there because the vertical walls in the marina offer near perfect reflection to moving waves (an "open circuit"). Without the breakwater wall (which absorbs energy) huge standing waves are possible due to constructive interference, and all those boats would bob up and down like crazy corks and eventually everything would get smashed to tiny bits. </font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">If you live in Arizona, lakes that were created by flooding canyons can offer excellent standing waves to for you to jump in your annoying personal watercraft... BY FAR the roughest water can be found on Lake Powell. Lake Powell was made by flooding Glen Canyon, and a large amount of its shoreline consists of literally vertical cliffs. This lake gets way rougher than Lake Mead, for example, with similar wind speeds. Lake Mead has longer and wider channels than Lake Powell (which should allow larger waves to build up), but most of its shoreline is gently sloped. The vertical walls of Lake Powell act as "open circuits" to the water waves, whereas the sloped beaches at Lake Mead act like "loads".</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Enough talk about beaches, water and boats, it's summer, and we've got to get back to work!</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
						<img height="330" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/breakwater.jpg" width="500" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Breakwater doing its job</font>
		</p>
		<h3 align="justify">
				<a name="vswr">
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Voltage standing waves</font>
		</h3>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Here's a great applet for visualizing the concept of the voltage standing wave ratio from our friends at Bessernet.<b>Update October 2006:</b> Rafael points out that the applet has been improved so that it knows the difference between an open circuit and a short circuit... we;d guess that the author reads Microwaves101! Here's the difference we are talking about: loads that are greater than Z<sub>0</sub> (such as reflection coefficient=1, which is an open circuit) have a peak VSWR at the interface, loads that are less than Z<sub>0</sub> (such a reflection coefficient=-1 which is a short circuit) have a null at the interface. Check it out! </font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<a href="http://www.bessernet.com/Ereflecto/tutorialFrameset.htm">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">http://www.bessernet.com/Ereflecto/tutorialFrameset.htm</font>
						</a>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Warning: this applet might not work if your browser is finicky! We were so intrigued by this applet that we created a version of it in Excel! OK, ours doesn't "move" like theirs, but you will find it more useful for generating graphics for presentations. Just remember where you got it, it's in our </font>
				<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/content/downloads.cfm">
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2">download area. </font>
				</a>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">In the next three plots, we illustrate how a standing wave arises at a change in transmission line impedance (a mismatch). In the first plot, pretend that there is a reflection coefficient of magnitude 0.3 at the X-value of 25. It this point, 70% of the wave continues on (blue trace) and 30% of the wave is reflected backwards (purple trace). The composite wave is the simple addition of the forward and backward waves at distance&lt;25. The wave forms here are instantaneous, meaning that you are looking at a single moment frozen in time. In real life the waves are continuously moving. </font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
						<img height="342" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves.jpg" width="500" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Now let's look at 20 snapshots in time, equally spaced in one wavelength. At this point we will ignore the forward wave after the interface, and just look at the composite wave at distance&lt;25. What's this, a pattern is emerging?</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
						<img height="342" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves2.jpg" width="500" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Now using the "MAX" function of Excel, we can trap the maximum of all of the composites (just like a microwave </font>
				<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/detectors.cfm">
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2">detector</font>
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> would), and draw the standing wave:</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
						<img height="342" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves3.jpg" width="500" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">From the Excel sheet, we get a peak of 1.299987 and a null of 0.697579. That's a standing wave ratio of 1.863569:1. </font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Let's check our math and recalculate the reflection coefficient from the Excel-generated VSWR:</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<blockquote>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
										<img height="24" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/rho.jpg" width="12" align="textTop" /> = reflection coefficient=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)</font>
						</p>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
										<img height="24" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/rho.jpg" width="12" align="textTop" />=(1.863569-1)/(1.863569+1)=0.301571</font>
						</p>
				</blockquote>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">That's an error of less than 0.3 percent (the exact value of rho should be 0.3, remember?) Not bad considering we only "looked" at 10 snapshots in time.</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">For the record, let's look at the difference in wave patterns for a short circuit and an open circuit below (short circuit plot is first). Again, the mismatch is placed at X=25. Note that the minimum voltage of the standing wave in each case is zero, which means the standing wave ratio is infinite. </font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
						<img height="342" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves4.jpg" width="500" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
						<img height="342" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves5.jpg" width="500" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Now you can see the difference, the waves all go to zero at a short circuit, and go to a maximum at an open circuit. </font>
		</p>
		<h3 align="justify">
				<a name="other">
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Other ways to express VSWR</font>
		</h3>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">The <b>reflection coefficient</b> is what you'd read from a Smith chart. A reflection coefficient magnitude of zero is a perfect match, a value of one is perfect reflection. The symbol for reflection coefficient is uppercase </font>
				<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/greek.cfm">
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Greek letter</font>
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> gamma (<img height="17" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/uppercase/gamma.jpg" width="14" />). Note that the reflection coefficient is a vector, so it includes an angle. Unlike VSWR, the reflection coefficient can distinguish between short and open circuits. A short circuit has a value of -1 (1 at an angle of 180 degrees), while an open circuit is one at an angle of 0 degrees. Quite often we refer to only the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. The symbol for this is the lower case Greek letter <img height="24" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/rho.jpg" width="12" align="textTop" />.</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">The <b>return loss</b> of a load is merely the magnitude of the reflection coefficient expressed in decibels. The correct equation for return loss is:</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Return loss = -20 x log [mag(<img height="17" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/uppercase/gamma.jpg" width="13" />)] </font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Thus in its correct form, return loss will usually be a positive number. If it's not, you can usually blame measurement error. The exception to the rule is something with <i>negative</i> resistance, which implies that it is an active device (external DC power is converted to RF) and it is potentially unstable (it could oscillate). Not something you have to worry about if you are just looking at coax cables! However, many engineers often omit the minus sign and talk about "-9.5 dB return loss" for example. People that find it necessary to correct engineers who do this have underwear that is too tight. </font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Here are the equations that convert between VSWR, reflection coefficient and return loss (as well as mismatch loss which we will cover later):</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
						<img height="174" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/vswr_eq.jpg" width="620" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Let's end our discussion with a table of reflection VSWR, refection coefficient and return loss values (and remember that our </font>
				<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/calvswr.cfm">
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2">VSWR calculator</font>
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> can provide any values you need). If you want to impress your friends, memorize as much of this table as you can. Yes, rounding off is permitted, Thanks for the correction, Dan!</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
		</p>
		<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="664" align="center" border="2">
				<tbody>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">VSWR</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Reflection coefficient</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Return loss</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Notes</font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.00</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">infinity</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">a perfect match</font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.1:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.05</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">26.44</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.2:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.09</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">20.83</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.3:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.13</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">17.69</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.4:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.17</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">15.56</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.5:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.20</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">13.98</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">A good rule of thumb: 1.5:1 = 14 dB</font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.6:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.23</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">12.74</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.7:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.26</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">11.73</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.8:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.29</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">10.88</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.9:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.31</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">10.16</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">A good rule of thumb: 1.9:1 = 10 dB</font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">2.0:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.33</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">9.54</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">3.0:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.50</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">6.02</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">A good rule of thumb: 3:1 = 6 dB</font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">4.0:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.60</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">4.44</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">5.0:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.67</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">3.52</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">6.0:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.71</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">2.92</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">10:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.82</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.71</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2"> </font>
								</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
								<td width="94">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">infinity:1</font>
								</td>
								<td width="156">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">1.000</font>
								</td>
								<td width="107">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">0.00</font>
								</td>
								<td width="295">
										<font face="Tahoma" size="2">short or open circuit</font>
								</td>
						</tr>
				</tbody>
		</table>
		<div align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
				</font>
		</div>
		<div align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
				</font>
		</div>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
				</font> </p>
		<h3 align="justify">
				<a name="mismatch">
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Calculating VSWR from impedance mismatches</font>
		</h3>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">The mismatch of a load Z<sub>L</sub> to a source Z<sub>0</sub> results in a reflection coefficient of:</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<blockquote>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
										<img height="17" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/uppercase/gamma.jpg" width="13" />=(Z<sub>L</sub>-Z<sub>0</sub>)/(Z<sub>L</sub>+Z<sub>0</sub>)</font>
						</p>
				</blockquote>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Note that the load can be a complex (real and imaginary) impedance. If you can't remember in which order the numerator is subtracted (did we just say "Z<sub>L</sub>-Z<sub>0</sub>" or Z<sub>0</sub>-Z<sub>L</sub>"?), you can always figure it out by remembering that a short circuit (Z<sub>L</sub>=0) is on the left side of the </font>
				<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/Smithchart.cfm">
						<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Smith chart </font>
				</a>
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">(angle = -180 degrees) which means <img height="17" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/uppercase/gamma.jpg" width="13" />=-1 in this case, which means that the minus sign belongs in front of Z<sub>0</sub>. </font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">The magnitude of the reflection coefficient is given by:</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<blockquote>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
										<img height="24" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/rho.jpg" width="12" align="textTop" />=mag(<img height="17" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/uppercase/gamma.jpg" width="13" />)</font>
						</p>
				</blockquote>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">For cases where Z<sub>L</sub> is a real number, </font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<blockquote>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">
										<img height="24" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/rho.jpg" width="12" align="textTop" />=abs((Z<sub>L</sub>-Z<sub>0</sub>)/(Z<sub>L</sub>+Z<sub>0</sub>))</font>
						</p>
				</blockquote>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Note that "abs" means "absolute value" here. VSWR can be calculated from the magnitude of the reflection coefficient:</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<blockquote>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma" size="2">VSWR=(1+<img height="24" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/rho.jpg" width="12" align="textTop" />)/(1-<img height="24" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/lowercase/rho.jpg" width="12" align="textTop" />)</font>
						</p>
				</blockquote>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">For cases where Z<sub>L</sub> is real, with a little algebra you'll see there are two cases for VSWR, calculated from load impedance:</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<blockquote>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma">
										<font size="2">For Z<sub>L</sub>&lt;Z<sub>0</sub>: VSWR=Z<sub>0</sub>/Z<sub>L</sub></font>
								</font>
						</p>
						<p align="justify">
								<font face="Tahoma">
										<font size="2">For Z<sub>L</sub>&gt;Z<sub>0</sub>: VSWR=Z<sub>L</sub>/Z<sub>0</sub></font>
								</font>
						</p>
				</blockquote>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Just remember to divide the larger impedance by the smaller impedance, because VSWR is always greater than 1. Hey, this calculation is so easy you can do it in your head!!!</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Tahoma" size="2">Let's look at the special case where you mix up 50 ohm parts into a 75 ohm system (or vice-versa). In either case, the resulting VSWR is 1.5:1. Yes, we did that without a calculator. While we're at it, the reflection coefficient is:<br /><br /></font>
				<font face="Tahoma">
						<font size="2">                   <img height="17" src="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/greekletters/uppercase/gamma.jpg" width="13" />=(75-50)/(75+50)=0.2<br /><br />—————————————————————————————————<br />原文链接(</font>
						<a href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/vswr.cfm">
								<font size="2">http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/vswr.cfm</font>
						</a>
						<font size="2">)</font>
				</font>
		</p>
<img src ="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/aggbug/22311.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/" target="_blank">TaoCheng</a> 2007-01-25 18:33 <a href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22311.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>阻抗匹配原理</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22302.html</link><dc:creator>TaoCheng</dc:creator><author>TaoCheng</author><pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2007 06:44:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22302.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/22302.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22302.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/commentRss/22302.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/services/trackbacks/22302.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[
		<p align="justify">
				<font face="Garamond" size="2">右图中R为负载电阻，r为电源E的内阻，E为电压源。由于r的存在，当R很大时，电路接近开路状态；而当R很少时接近短路状态。显然负载在开路及短路状态都不能获得最<br />大功率。<img height="112" src="http://www.elecfans.com/article/UploadPic/2006-4/2006416234415308.gif" width="132" align="right" /><br /><br />根据式:<img height="94" src="http://www.elecfans.com/article/UploadPic/2006-4/2006416234415212.gif" width="111" align="textTop" /><br />从上式可看出，当R=r时式中的<img height="31" src="http://www.elecfans.com/article/UploadPic/2006-4/2006416234415257.gif" width="75" />式中分母中的(R-r)的值最小为0，此时负载所获取的功率最大。所以，当负载电阻等于电源内阻时，负<br />载将获得最大功率。这就是电子电路阻抗匹配的基本原理。<br /><br />———————————————————————————————<br />原文链接(</font>
				<a href="http://www.elecfans.com/article/88/171/2006/200604163527.html">
						<font face="Garamond" size="2">http://www.elecfans.com/article/88/171/2006/200604163527.html</font>
				</a>
				<font face="Garamond" size="2">)</font>
		</p>
<img src ="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/aggbug/22302.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/" target="_blank">TaoCheng</a> 2007-01-25 14:44 <a href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22302.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>阻抗匹配与史密斯圆图基本原理</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22294.html</link><dc:creator>TaoCheng</dc:creator><author>TaoCheng</author><pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2007 04:15:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22294.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/22294.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22294.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/commentRss/22294.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/services/trackbacks/22294.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">
						<em>本文利用史密斯圆图作为RF阻抗匹配的设计指南。文中给出了反射系数、阻抗和导纳的作图范例，并用作图法设计了一个频率为60MHz的匹配网络。<br /></em>  </font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<i>
						<font size="2">实践证明：史密斯圆图仍然是计算传输线阻抗的基本工具。</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在处理RF系统的实际应用问题时，总会遇到一些非常困难的工作，对各部分级联电路的不同阻抗进行匹配就是其中之一。一般情况下，需要进行匹配的电路包括天线与低噪声放大器(LNA)之间的匹配、功率放大器输出(RFOUT)与天线之间的匹配、LNA/VCO输出与混频器输入之间的匹配。匹配的目的是为了保证信号或能量有效地从“信号源”传送到“负载”。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在高频端，寄生元件(比如连线上的电感、板层之间的电容和导体的电阻)对匹配网络具有明显的、不可预知的影响。频率在数十兆赫兹以上时，理论计算和仿真已经远远不能满足要求，为了得到适当的最终结果，还必须考虑在实验室中进行的RF测试、并进行适当调谐。需要用计算值确定电路的结构类型和相应的目标元件值。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">有很多种阻抗匹配的方法，包括:</font>
		</p>
		<ul>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">
										<b>计算机仿真:</b> 由于这类软件是为不同功能设计的而不只是用于阻抗匹配，所以使用起来比较复杂。设计者必须熟悉用正确的格式输入众多的数据。设计人员还需要具有从大量的输出结果中找到有用数据的技能。另外，除非计算机是专门为这个用途制造的，否则电路仿真软件不可能预装在计算机上。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">
										<b>手工计算:</b> 这是一种极其繁琐的方法，因为需要用到较长(“几公里”)的计算公式、并且被处理的数据多为复数。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">
										<b>经验:</b> 只有在RF领域工作过多年的人才能使用这种方法。总之，它只适合于资深的专家。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">
										<b>史密斯圆图: </b>本文要重点讨论的内容。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
		</ul>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">本文的主要目的是复习史密斯圆图的结构和背景知识，并且总结它在实际中的应用方法。讨论的主题包括参数的实际范例，比如找出匹配网络元件的数值。当然，史密斯圆图不仅能够为我们找出最大功率传输的匹配网络，还能帮助设计者优化噪声系数，确定品质因数的影响以及进行稳定性分析。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="282" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig01.gif" width="383" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图1. 阻抗和史密斯圆图基础</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">基础知识</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在介绍史密斯圆图的使用之前，最好回顾一下RF环境下(大于100MHz) IC连线的电磁波传播现象。这对RS-485传输线、PA和天线之间的连接、LNA和下变频器/混频器之间的连接等应用都是有效的。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">大家都知道，要使信号源传送到负载的功率最大，信号源阻抗必须等于负载的共轭阻抗，即：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">R<sub>s</sub> + jX<sub>s</sub> = R<sub>L</sub> - jX<sub>L</sub></font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="98" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig02.gif" width="222" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图2. 表达式R<sub>s</sub> + jX<sub>s</sub> = R<sub>L</sub> - jX<sub>L</sub>的等效图</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在这个条件下，从信号源到负载传输的能量最大。另外，为有效传输功率，满足这个条件可以避免能量从负载反射到信号源，尤其是在诸如视频传输、RF或微波网络的高频应用环境更是如此。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">史密斯圆图</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">史密斯圆图是由很多圆周交织在一起的一个图。正确的使用它，可以在不作任何计算的前提下得到一个表面上看非常复杂的系统的匹配阻抗，唯一需要作的就是沿着圆周线读取并跟踪数据。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">史密斯圆图是反射系数(伽马，以符号<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />表示)的极座标图。反射系数也可以从数学上定义为单端口散射参数，即s<sub>11</sub>。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">史密斯圆图是通过验证阻抗匹配的负载产生的。这里我们不直接考虑阻抗，而是用反射系数<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" /><sub>L</sub>，反射系数可以反映负载的特性(如导纳、增益、跨导)，在处理RF频率的问题时，<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" /><sub>L</sub>更加有用。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">我们知道反射系数定义为反射波电压与入射波电压之比:</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="118" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig03.gif" width="301" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图3. 负载阻抗</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">负载反射信号的强度取决于信号源阻抗与负载阻抗的失配程度。反射系数的表达式定义为：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="55" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq01.gif" width="343" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">由于阻抗是复数，反射系数也是复数。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">为了减少未知参数的数量，可以固化一个经常出现并且在应用中经常使用的参数。这里Z<sub>o</sub> (特性阻抗)通常为常数并且是实数，是常用的归一化标准值，如50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />、75<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />、100<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />和600<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />。于是我们可以定义归一化的负载阻抗：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="43" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq02.gif" width="382" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">据此，将反射系数的公式重新写为：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="60" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq03.gif" width="470" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">从上式我们可以看到负载阻抗与其反射系数间的直接关系。但是这个关系式是一个复数，所以并不实用。我们可以把史密斯圆图当作上述方程的图形表示。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">为了建立圆图，方程必需重新整理以符合标准几何图形的形式(如圆或射线)。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">首先，由方程2.3求解出；</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="51" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq04.gif" width="301" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">并且</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="54" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq05.gif" width="274" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">令等式2.5的实部和虚部相等，得到两个独立的关系式：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="126" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq06.gif" width="303" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">重新整理等式2.6，经过等式2.8至2.13得到最终的方程2.14。这个方程是在复平面(<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />r, <img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />i)上、圆的参数方程(x-a)<sup>2</sup> + (y-b)<sup>2</sup> = R<sup>2</sup>，它以(r/r+1, 0)为圆心，半径为1/1+r.</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="276" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq07.gif" width="389" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">更多细节参见图4a。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="242" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig04a.gif" width="368" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图4a. 圆周上的点表示具有相同实部的阻抗。例如，R＝1的圆，以(0.5, 0)为圆心，半径为0.5。它包含了代表反射零点的原点(0, 0) (负载与特性阻抗相匹配）。以(0，0)为圆心、半径为1的圆代表负载短路。负载开路时，圆退化为一个点(以1，0为圆心，半径为零)。与此对应的是最大的反射系数1，即所有的入射波都被反射回来。</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在作史密斯圆图时，有一些需要注意的问题。下面是最重要的几个方面：</font>
		</p>
		<ul>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">所有的圆周只有一个相同的，唯一的交点(1, 0)。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">代表0<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />、也就是没有电阻(r = 0)的圆是最大的圆。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">无限大的电阻对应的圆退化为一个点(1, 0) </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">实际中没有负的电阻，如果出现负阻值，有可能产生振荡。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">选择一个对应于新电阻值的圆周就等于选择了一个新的电阻。 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
		</ul>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">作图</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">经过等式2.15至2.18的变换，2.7式可以推导出另一个参数方程，方程2.19。</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="171" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq08.gif" width="383" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">同样，2.19也是在复平面(<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />r, <img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />i)上的圆的参数方程(x-a)<sup>2</sup> + (y-b)<sup>2</sup> = R<sup>2</sup>,它的圆心为(1, 1/x)，半径1/x。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">更多细节参见图4b。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="282" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig04b.gif" width="383" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图4b. 圆周上的点表示具有相同虚部x的阻抗。例如，x=1的圆以(1, 1)为圆心，半径为1。所有的圆(x为常数)都包括点(1, 0)。与实部圆周不同的是，x既可以是正数也可以是负数。这说明复平面下半部是其上半部的镜像。所有圆的圆心都在一条经过横轴上1点的垂直线上。</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">完成圆图</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">为了完成史密斯圆图，我们将两簇圆周放在一起。可以发现一簇圆周的所有圆会与另一簇圆周的所有圆相交。若已知阻抗为r + jx，只需要找到对应于r和x的两个圆周的交点就可以得到相应的反射系数。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">可互换性</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">上述过程是可逆的，如果已知反射系数，可以找到两个圆周的交点从而读取相应的r和x的值。过程如下：</font>
		</p>
		<ul>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">确定阻抗在史密斯圆图上的对应点 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">找到与此阻抗对应的反射系数 (<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />) </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">已知特性阻抗和<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />，找出阻抗 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">将阻抗转换为导纳 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">找出等效的阻抗 </font>
						</div>
				</li>
				<li>
						<div align="justify">
								<font size="2">找出与反射系数对应的元件值(尤其是匹配网络的元件，见图7) </font>
						</div>
				</li>
		</ul>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">推论</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">因为史密斯圆图是一种基于图形的解法，所得结果的精确度直接依赖于图形的精度。下面是一个用史密斯圆图表示的RF应用实例：</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">
						<b>例:</b> 已知特性阻抗为50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />，负载阻抗如下：</font>
		</p>
		<div align="justify">
				<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="80%" border="0">
						<tbody>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>1</sub> = 100 + j50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /></font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>2</sub> = 75 -j100<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /></font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>3</sub> = j200<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /></font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>4</sub> = 150<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /></font>
										</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>5</sub> = <img height="4" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200infinity.gif" width="12" align="absMiddle" /> (开路)</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>6</sub> = 0 (短路)</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>7</sub> = 50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /></font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">Z<sub>8</sub> = 184 -j900<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /></font>
										</td>
								</tr>
						</tbody>
				</table>
		</div>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">对上面的值进行归一化并标示在圆图中(见图5)：</font>
		</p>
		<div align="justify">
				<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="80%" border="0">
						<tbody>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>1</sub> = 2 + j</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>2</sub> = 1.5 -j2</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>3</sub> = j4</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>4</sub> = 3</font>
										</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>5</sub> = 8</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>6</sub> = 0</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>7</sub> = 1</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">z<sub>8</sub> = 3.68 -j18S</font>
										</td>
								</tr>
						</tbody>
				</table>
		</div>
		<p align="center">
				<a href="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig05.pdf">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="436" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig05.gif" width="400" border="0" />
						</font>
				</a>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<a href="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig05.pdf">
						<font color="#444444" size="2">点击看大图 (PDF, 502K)</font>
				</a>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图5. 史密斯圆图上的点</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">现在可以通过图5的圆图直接解出反射系数<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />。画出阻抗点(等阻抗圆和等电抗圆的交点)，只要读出它们在直角坐标水平轴和垂直轴上的投影，就得到了反射系数的实部<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />r和虚部<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />i (见图6)。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">该范例中可能存在八种情况，在图6所示史密斯圆图上可以直接得到对应的反射系数<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />：</font>
		</p>
		<div align="justify">
				<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="80%" border="0">
						<tbody>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>1</sub> = 0.4 + 0.2j</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>2</sub> = 0.51 - 0.4j</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>3</sub> = 0.875 + 0.48j</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>4</sub> = 0.5</font>
										</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>5</sub> = 1</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>6</sub> = -1</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>7</sub> = 0</font>
										</td>
										<td>
												<font size="2">
														<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />
														<sub>8</sub> = 0.96 - 0.1j</font>
										</td>
								</tr>
						</tbody>
				</table>
		</div>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">
						<br />
				</font> </p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="330" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig06.gif" width="350" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图6. 从X-Y轴直接读出反射系数<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />的实部和虚部</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">用导纳表示</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">史密斯圆图是用阻抗(电阻和电抗)建立的。一旦作出了史密斯圆图，就可以用它分析串联和并联情况下的参数。可以添加新的串联元件，确定新增元件的影响只需沿着圆周移动到它们相应的数值即可。然而，增加并联元件时分析过程就不是这么简单了，需要考虑其它的参数。通常，利用导纳更容易处理并联元件。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">我们知道，根据定义Y = 1/Z，Z = 1/Y。导纳的单位是姆欧或者<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /><sup>-1</sup> (早些时候导纳的单位是西门子或S)。并且，如果Z是复数，则Y也一定是复数。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">所以Y = G + jB (2.20),其中G叫作元件的“电导”，B称“电纳”。在演算的时候应该小心谨慎，按照似乎合乎逻辑的假设，可以得出：G = 1/R及B = 1/X，然而实际情况并非如此，这样计算会导致结果错误。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">用导纳表示时，第一件要做的事是归一化， y = Y/Y<sub>o</sub>，得出 y = g + jb。但是如何计算反射系数呢？通过下面的式子进行推导：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="62" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq09.gif" width="374" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">结果是G的表达式符号与z相反，并有<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />(y) = -<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />(z).</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">如果知道z，就能通过将的符号取反找到一个与(0，0)的距离相等但在反方向的点。围绕原点旋转180°可以得到同样的结果。(见图7).</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="352" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig07.gif" width="469" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图7. 180°度旋转后的结果</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">当然，表面上看新的点好像是一个不同的阻抗，实际上Z和1/Z表示的是同一个元件。(在史密斯圆图上，不同的值对应不同的点并具有不同的反射系数，依次类推)出现这种情况的原因是我们的图形本身是一个阻抗图，而新的点代表的是一个导纳。因此在圆图上读出的数值单位是姆欧。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">尽管用这种方法就可以进行转换，但是在解决很多并联元件电路的问题时仍不适用。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">导纳圆图</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在前面的讨论中，我们看到阻抗圆图上的每一个点都可以通过以<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/tarticle/images/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />复平面原点为中心旋转180°后得到与之对应的导纳点。于是，将整个阻抗圆图旋转180°就得到了导纳圆图。这种方法十分方便，它使我们不用建立一个新图。所有圆周的交点(等电导圆和等电纳圆)自然出现在点(-1, 0)。使用导纳圆图，使得添加并联元件变得很容易。在数学上，导纳圆图由下面的公式构造：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="53" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq10.gif" width="298" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">解这个方程</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="97" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq11.gif" width="463" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">接下来，令方程3.3的实部和虚部相等，我们得到两个新的独立的关系：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="112" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq12.gif" width="281" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">从等式3.4，我们可以推导出下面的式子：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="288" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq13.gif" width="384" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">它也是复平面 (<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />r, <img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200CapGamma.gif" width="7" />i)上圆的参数方程(x-a)<sup>2</sup> + (y-b)<sup>2</sup> = R<sup>2</sup> (方程3.12)，以(-g/g+1, 0)为圆心，半径为1/(1+g)。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">从等式3.5，我们可以推导出下面的式子：</font>
		</p>
		<blockquote>
				<p align="justify">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="172" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Eq14.gif" width="407" />
						</font>
				</p>
		</blockquote>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">同样得到(x-a)<sup>2</sup> + (y-b)<sup>2</sup> = R<sup>2</sup>型的参数方程(方程3.17)。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">求解等效阻抗</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">当解决同时存在串联和并联元件的混合电路时，可以使用同一个史密斯圆图，在需要进行从z到y或从y到z的转换时将图形旋转。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">考虑图8所示网络(其中的元件以Z<sub>o</sub>=50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />进行了归一化)。串联电抗(x)对电感元件而言为正数，对电容元件而言为负数。而电纳(b)对电容元件而言为正数，对电感元件而言为负数。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="138" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig08.gif" width="281" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图8. 一个多元件电路</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">这个电路需要进行简化(见图9)。从最右边开始，有一个电阻和一个电感，数值都是1，我们可以在r＝1的圆周和I＝1的圆周的交点处得到一个串联等效点，即点A。下一个元件是并联元件，我们转到导纳圆图(将整个平面旋转180°)，此时需要将前面的那个点变成导纳，记为A'。现在我们将平面旋转180°，于是我们在导纳模式下加入并联元件，沿着电导圆逆时针方向(负值)移动距离0.3，得到点B。然后又是一个串联元件。现在我们再回到阻抗圆图。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="267" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig09.gif" width="498" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图9. 将图8网络中的元件拆开进行分析</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在返回阻抗圆图之前，还必需把刚才的点转换成阻抗(此前是导纳)，变换之后得到的点记为B'，用上述方法，将圆图旋转180°回到阻抗模式。沿着电阻圆周移动距离1.4得到点C就增加了一个串联元件，注意是逆时针移动(负值)。进行同样的操作可增加下一个元件(进行平面旋转变换到导纳)，沿着等电导圆顺时针方向(因为是正值)移动指定的距离(1.1)。这个点记为D。最后，我们回到阻抗模式增加最后一个元件(串联电感)。于是我们得到所需的值，z，位于0.2电阻圆和0.5电抗圆的交点。至此，得出z＝0.2 + j0.5。如果系统的特性阻抗是50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />,有 Z = 10 + j25<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" /> (见图10)。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<a href="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig10.pdf">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="459" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig10.gif" width="400" border="0" />
						</font>
				</a>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<a href="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig10.pdf">
						<font color="#444444" size="2">点击看大图(PDF, 600K)</font>
				</a>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图10. 在史密斯圆图上画出的网络元件</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">逐步进行阻抗匹配</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">史密斯圆图的另一个用处是进行阻抗匹配。这和找出一个已知网络的等效阻抗是相反的过程。此时，两端(通常是信号源和负载)阻抗是固定的，如图12所示。我们的目标是在两者之间插入一个设计好的网络已达到合适的阻抗匹配。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<font size="2">
						<img height="175" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig11.gif" width="308" />
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图11. 阻抗已知而元件未知的典型电路</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">初看起来好像并不比找到等效阻抗复杂。但是问题在于有无限种元件的组合都可以使匹配网络具有类似的效果，而且还需考虑其它因素(比如滤波器的结构类型、品质因数和有限的可选元件)。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">实现这一目标的方法是在史密斯圆图上不断增加串联和并联元件、直到得到我们想要的阻抗。从图形上看，就是找到一条途径来连接史密斯圆图上的点。同样，说明这种方法的最好办法是给出一个实例。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">我们的目标是在60MHz工作频率下匹配源阻抗(Z<sub>S</sub>)和负载阻抗(Z<sub>L</sub>) (见图12)。网络结构已经确定为低通，L型(也可以把问题看作是如何使负载转变成数值等于Z<sub>S</sub>的阻抗，即ZS复共轭)。下面是解的过程：</font>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<a href="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig12.pdf">
						<font size="2">
								<img height="458" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig12.gif" width="400" border="0" />
						</font>
				</a>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<a href="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Fig12.pdf">
						<font color="#444444" size="2">点击看大图(PDF, 537K)</font>
				</a>
		</p>
		<p align="center">
				<i>
						<font size="2">图12. 图11的网络，将其对应的点画在史密斯圆图上</font>
				</i>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">要做的第一件事是将各阻抗值归一化。如果没有给出特性阻抗，选择一个与负载/信号源的数值在同一量级的阻抗值。假设 Z<sub>o</sub>为50<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />。于是 z<sub>S</sub> = 0.5 -j0.3, z*<sub>S</sub> = 0.5 + j0.3, Z<sub>L</sub> = 2 -j0.5。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">下一步，在图上标出这两个点，A代表z<sub>L</sub>，D代表Z*<sub>S</sub></font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">然后判别与负载连接的第一个元件(并联电容)，先把zL转化为导纳，得到点A'。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">确定连接电容C后下一个点出现在圆弧上的位置。由于不知道C的值，所以我们不知道具体的位置，然而我们确实知道移动的方向。并联的电容应该在导纳圆图上沿顺时针方向移动、直到找到对应的数值，得到点B (导纳)。下一个元件是串联元件，所以必需把B转换到阻抗平面上去，得到B'。B'必需和D位于同一个电阻圆上。从图形上看，从A'到D只有一条路径，但是如果要经过中间的B点(也就是B')，就需要经过多次的尝试和检验。在找到点B和B'后，我们就能够测量A'到B和B'到D的弧长，前者就是C的归一化电纳值，后者为L的归一化电抗值。A'到B的弧长为b = 0.78，则B = 0.78 x Y<sub>o</sub> = 0.0156姆欧。因为<img height="7" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200omega.gif" width="9" />C = B,所以 C = B/<img height="7" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200omega.gif" width="9" /> = B/(2 <img height="8" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Pi.gif" width="10" /> f) = 0.0156/(2 <img height="8" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Pi.gif" width="10" /> 60<sup>7</sup>) = 41.4pF。B到D的弧长为 x = 1.2,于是 X = 1.2 × Z<sub>o</sub> = 60<img height="9" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/ohm.gif" width="12" />.由<img height="7" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200omega.gif" width="9" />L = X, 得 L = X/<img height="7" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200omega.gif" width="9" /> = X/(2 <img height="8" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Pi.gif" width="10" /> f) = 60/(2 <img height="8" src="http://www.maxim-ic.com.cn/images/appnotes/742/A200Pi.gif" width="10" /> 60<sup>7</sup>) = 159nH。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<b>
						<font size="2">总结</font>
				</b>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">在拥有功能强大的软件和高速、高性能计算机的今天，人们会怀疑在解决电路基本问题的时候是否还需要这样一种基础和初级的方法。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">实际上，一个真正的工程师不仅应该拥有理论知识，更应该具有利用各种资源解决问题的能力。在程序中加入几个数字然后得出结果的确是件容易的事情，当问题的解十分复杂、并且不唯一时，让计算机作这样的工作尤其方便。然而，如果能够理解计算机的工作平台所使用的基本理论和原理，知道它们的由来，这样的工程师或设计者就能够成为更加全面和值得信赖的专家，得到的结果也更加可靠。</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">
				</font>
		</p>
		<p align="justify">
				<font size="2">本文的相似版本发表在2000年7月的<i>RF Design</i>上。<br /><br />———————————————————————————————<br />原文链接(</font>
				<a href="http://www.elecfans.com/article/84/148/2006/200605074729.html">
						<font size="2">http://www.elecfans.com/article/84/148/2006/200605074729.html</font>
				</a>
				<font size="2">)</font>
		</p>
<img src ="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/aggbug/22294.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/" target="_blank">TaoCheng</a> 2007-01-25 12:15 <a href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/22294.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>IC Design Web</title><link>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/21728.html</link><dc:creator>TaoCheng</dc:creator><author>TaoCheng</author><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2007 08:12:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/21728.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/21728.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/21728.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/comments/commentRss/21728.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/services/trackbacks/21728.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[
		<p align="left">
				<span class="MsoHyperlink">
						<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; text-underline: none">
								<font color="#808080">
										<font size="3">
												<font face="Times New Roman">01.   <a href="http://www.edaboard.com/ "><font color="#808080">http://www.edaboard.com/</font> </a></font>
										</font>
								</font>
								<font color="#000000">
										<font face="Times New Roman">
												<font size="3">- </font>
												<font color="#008000">
														<font size="3">
																<font color="#a52a2a">International Electronics Forum Center<br /></font>
														</font>
												</font>
										</font>
								</font>
						</span>
				</span>
				<span class="MsoHyperlink">
						<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; text-underline: none">
								<font color="#000000">
										<span class="MsoHyperlink">
												<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; text-underline: none">
														<font color="#808080">
																<font size="3">
																		<font face="Times New Roman">02.   <a href="http://www.designers-guide.com/ "><font color="#808080"><font color="#808080">http://www</font>.designers-guide.com/</font> </a>- </font>
																</font>
														</font>
														<font face="Times New Roman" size="2">
																<font color="#a52a2a">
																		<font size="3">Designers' Guide<br /><font color="#808080">03.   <a href="http://www.circuitsage.com/"><font color="#808080">http://www.circuitsage.com/</font></a> - </font>Circuit Sage<br /><font color="#808080">04.   <a href="http://www.chip123.com.tw/"><font color="#808080">http://www.chip123.com.tw/</font></a> - </font>Chip123<br /><font color="#808080">05.   <a href="http://www.deepchip.com/"><font color="#808080">http://www.deepchip.com/</font></a> - </font>Deepchip<br /><font color="#808080">06.   <a href="http://www.epanorama.com/"><font color="#808080">http://www.epanorama.com/</font></a> - </font>Epanorama<br /><font color="#808080">07.   <a href="http://www.eesource.com/"><font color="#808080">http://www.eesource.com/</font></a> - </font>EEsource<br /><font color="#808080">08.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.commsdesign.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http</font>://www.commsdesign.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3"> - CommsDesign<br /><font color="#808080">09.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.us.design-reuse.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http://www</font>.us.design-reuse.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3"> - Design-Reuse<br /><font color="#808080">10.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http://</font>www.ecircuitcenter.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3">
																				<font color="#808080"> - </font>Ecircuit Center<br /><font color="#808080">11.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.electronics-lab.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http://</font>www.electronics-lab.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3"> - Electronics Lab<br /><font color="#808080">12.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.designinganalogchips.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http://</font>www.designinganalogchips.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3">
																				<font color="#808080"> - </font>Designing Analog Chips<br /><font color="#808080">13.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.vada.skku.ac.kr/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http://</font>www.vada.skku.ac.kr/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font color="#808080" size="3"> -<br />14.   </font>
																		<a href="http://www.ictips.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">http://www.ictips.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3">
																				<font color="#808080"> - </font>IC tips<br /><font color="#808080">15.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.icdiy.org/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http://</font>www.icdiy.org/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3">
																				<font color="#808080"> - </font>IC DIY<br /><font color="#808080">16.   </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.arraydesign.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">
																						<font color="#808080">http://</font>www.arraydesign.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3">
																				<font color="#808080"> - </font>Array Design<br /><font color="#808080">17.    </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.52rd.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">http://www.52rd.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3">
																				<font color="#808080"> -</font> 52RD<br /><font color="#808080">18.    </font></font>
																		<a href="http://www.rfcafe.com/">
																				<font color="#808080" size="3">http://www.rfcafe.com/</font>
																		</a>
																		<font size="3">
																				<font color="#808080"> -</font> RF Cafe</font>
																</font>
														</font>
												</span>
										</span>
								</font>
						</span>
				</span>
		</p>
<img src ="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/aggbug/21728.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/" target="_blank">TaoCheng</a> 2007-01-10 16:12 <a href="http://www.cnitblog.com/waosai/articles/21728.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item></channel></rss>