SUN系统管理员常用概念/命令
1. Solaris 操作系统
操作系统的版本:Solaris 1.x(sunos4.1.x), Solaris 2.x(sunos 5.x), Solaris 7, Solaris 8
特点: 多用户, 多任务(or 多进程,多线程), 分布式计算(处理)
应用: Client-Server方式中的服务器
o NFS Server,
o Name services Server,
o mail Server,
o Operating system Server,
o Database Server
o Application Server
2. SUN 服务器体系结构
硬件(Hardware) --> Solaris 系统内核(Kernel)-->指令 Shell-->应用软件(Applications)
o SUN 服务器的体系结构发展(Kernel and Application Architecture):
[1] SPARC-->[2] SuperSPARC-->[3] UltraSPARC-->[4] sun4c,
-->[5] sun4m-->[6] sun4u
o 常见硬件组成
[1] 处理器 CUP,
[2] 内存 Memory,
[3] 系统总线 bus,
[4] 硬盘 disk,
[5] 显示器 monitor,
[6] 键盘 keyboard,
[7] 光驱 cdrom,
[8] 磁带机 tape,
[9] 网卡 net
......
3. Openboot(Prom) 常用命令 及 Solaris 操作系统的安装
Openboot(Prom) 常用命令:
=========================
ok> help (帮助命令)
ok> banner (显示系统hostid, memory, mac addr等nvrom配置信息)
ok> .version (显示prom版本信息)
ok> devalias (系统设备别名)
例如
devalias cdrom1 /sbus/SUNW,fas@e8800000/sd@5,0
ok> nvalias (prom命令/信息别名)
ok> probe-scsi-all (显示所有scsi设备)
ok> printenv (显示prom系统环境变量)
ok> setenv (设置prom系统环境变量)
例如:
setenv auto-boot false
setenv boot-device disk net cdrom
ok> set-defaults (设置prom系统环境变量为缺省值)
ok> reset
Solaris 操作系统的安装:
=======================
o 从光盘启动,并安装操作系统命令:
ok> boot cdrom,
o 终止系统安装/启动:
stop+a--> sync--> reset
o 继续安装/启动
ok> go,
o 安装过程中须提供主要信息
[1]主机名host name,
[2]网络network,ip地址,
[3]网络服务器类型nis+/other/none/standlone,
[4]子网掩码netmask,
[5]时区time zone,
[6]日期/时间date/time
[7]安装方式:升级/初始安装upgrade/initial,
[8]硬盘分区信息
例如:partition:0 /,
1 swap,
2 backup,
3,
4,
5,
6 /usr,
7 /export/home
o Solaris操作系统常见分区功能
[1] / 操作系统根目录
[2] Swap 内存交换区
[3] /usr 存放系统应用软件及命令
[4] /opt 安装用户应用软件
[5] /var 系统信息存放区
[6] /export/home 用户目录区
系统安装信息日志:
=================
/var/sadm/install/contents, install_log
4. 应用软件常用安装/删除命令(add/delete software)
图形工具命令
============
# admintool&
命令行工具
==========
# pkginfo, 例如: # pkginfo | grep ab
# pkgadd, 例如: # pkgadd -d . SUNWsprot SUNWabc
# pkgrm, 例如: # pkgrm SUNWsport SUNWabc
# pkgchk 例如: # pkgchk SUNWsport SUNWabc
阿毛~ 回复于：2006-01-13 16:36:11
5. 补丁管理命令Patch
查看patch: # showrev -p,
安装patch: # ./installpatch .
备份patch: # ./backoutpatch 102972-01
patch安装目录: /var/sadm/patch
patch信息网站: http://sunsolve.sun.com
6. 操作系统启动过程及运行级别
操作系统启动过程
================
[1] prom (系统自检selftest) ,
[2] bootblk, (系统引导盘启动扇区),
[3] ufsboot (/platform/'uname -i'/ufsboot),
[4] kernel (initself, /kernel/genunix, /etc/system),
[5] init (/sbin/init, /etc/inittab, /sbin/rc*.d,
/etc/rc*.d, /etc/init.d)
操作系统自动配置过程
====================
[1] 内核上载入内存(kernel module are load to memory)
o 静态内核static core:
/kernel/genunix, /platform/.../kernel/unix,
o 动态内核dynamically loaded module:
driver module, streams, ufs module, nfs module
/kernel/,/platform/.../kernel/unix, /usr/kernel
o /etc/system内容:
moddir,
exclude rootdev,
set pt_cnt=100
...............
[2] 设备配置(device configration )
o device tree: /devices, /dev
o /etc/path_to_install
查看操作系统配置
==================
# dmesg,
# printconf,
# sysdef
# /usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag
# /usr/platform/sun43u/sbin/prtdiag
重新配置系统硬件
=================
# touch /reconfigure
# init 0
ok boot -r (重新启动/配置系统硬件)
ok boot -ar
在系统运行情况下,如果不想重新启动系统,
安装硬盘/磁带等热插拔硬件,则:
# drvconfig
# devlinks
# disks
# tapes
查看配置情况:
# dmesg
# printconf
# sysdef
操作系统运行级别
==================
系统启动时，进入/etc/inittab中initdefault所定义的运行级别(deafult 3)
各运行级别的定义：
run level:0, (halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go )
1, (single user, boot -s, init s )
2, (multiuser, unshare net)
3, (multiuser, deafult)
5, (halt, power off )
6, (reboot to level 3 )
S (init 1, boot -s)
改变系统运行级别命令
====================
# init 0, halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go
# init 1, single user, boot -s, init s
# init 2, multiuser, unshare net
# init 3, multiuser, deafult
# init 5, halt, power off
# init 6, reboot to level 3
# init s, init 1, boot -s
# init *,shotdown,halt,poweroff, reboot -- -r, reboot -- -s
ok> boot -s, boot -sra
启动、关闭Solaris 操作系统
==========================
ok> boot -r (一般在安装新设备如硬盘等后，重起机器，重建系统内核)。
ok> boot cdrom - brower (从CDROM启动机器，重新安装系统，界面为浏览器方式)。
# sync (将内存中的内容写入硬盘)。
# halt (或 /etc/init 0) (关闭系统)。
# reboot
7. 操作系统启动/关闭时运行的脚本命令
Solaris操作系统会在系统启动或关闭时自动运行脚本命令
例如: 有一个启动/关闭数据库的命令脚本/etc/init.d/rdbms,
想在系统启动/停止时自动启动/关闭数据库:
# vi /etc/init.d/rdbms
# cd /etc/init3.d
# ln /etc/init.d/rdbms S22rdbms (在系统启动时，运行命令脚本)
# cd /etc/init0.d
# ln /etc/init.d/rdbms K8822rdbms (在系统关闭时，运行命令脚本)
也可手动执行:
# /etc/init.d/rdbms stop
# /etc/init.d/rdbms start
要定时运行一个程序
====================
在/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root中加入
分_时_日_月_年 /运用程序
8. 硬盘分区及格式化(disk partition and format )
# foramt (可显示硬盘类型, 大小, 分区情况. 可重新分区, 格式化等)
0 >partition>p>0>1>3>4>5>6>7>print>label>format>quit>quit
0 root wm 0 - 3514 3.62GB (3515/0/0) 7592400
1 swap wu 3515 - 3757 256.29MB (243/0/0) 524880
2 backup wm 0 - 3879 4.00GB (3880/0/0) 8380800
3 unassigned wm 3758 - 3879 128.67MB (122/0/0) 263520
4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
#foramt
1>type
<SUN4.2G cyl 3880 alt 2 hd 16 sec 135>
>partition>print>0
root wm 0 1940c
>7
root wm 0 1940c
>p
0 root wm 0 -1939 2.00GB (1940/0/0) 4190400
2 backup wm 0 - 3879 4.00GB (3880/0/0) 8380800
7 home wm 1940-3879 2.00GB (1940/0/0) 4190400
>label>quit>quit
阿毛~ 回复于：2006-01-13 16:37:03
9. Solaris 文件系统管理(unix file system )
常见文件系统类型
================
[1]ufs,
[2]hsfs,
[3]pcfs,
[4]vxfs
....
设备名描述(硬盘)
==================
/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0,(裸设备/字符设备raw disk)
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0,(逻辑设备/块设备logicl disk , block device)
存储设备上建立文件系统
======================
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s7
系统文件系统记录
=================
# vi /etc/vfstab
fd - /dev/fd fd - no -
/proc - /proc proc - no -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs 1 no -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s3 /cache ufs 2 yes -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home ufs 2 yes -
/dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1 ufs 2 yes -
swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -
常用文件系统的操作命令
======================
示例:
# umount /export/home1
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1
# umount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7
# mount -F pcfs /dev/diskette /floppy (mount 软盘)
# mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom (mount 光驱)
# mountall -l
# umountall -l
# volcheck
# fdformat (软盘格式化)
# eject cdrom (弹出光驱)
# eject floppy (弹出软盘)
Swap区文件系统的管理
====================
# swap -l,-a,-d,-s
增加Swap区示例
# mkfile 20m /export/home1/swap
# swap -a /export/home1/swap
# swap -l
# swap -d /export/home1/swap
# vi /etc/vfstab
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -
/export/home1/swap - - swap - no -
swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -
文件系统的维护/管理(maintain file system )
[1] fsck,sync,fslush deamon( 30 second)
stop+a
sync
[2] # umount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7
# fsck /export/home
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home
# ls /export/home/lost+found
10. 系统备份/恢复(backup and restore )
系统备份级别
============
[1] 共10级 level,
[2] 0 级为全备份full,
[3] 2-9 级为增量备份inc,
[4] /etc/dumpdates,
备份设备一般为磁带
==================
[1]tape,
[2]设备名 /dev/rmt/0lbn (l,m,h density; b BSD behavior, n no rewind)
系统系统备份/恢复命令
=====================
[1] ufsdump,
[2] ufsrestore,
例如:
# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home
# cd /var/tmp
# ufsrestore tvf /dev/rmt/0
# ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home
恢复系统根目录操作举例(restore / file system )
ok> boot cdrom -s
系统启动后,不进行安装,打开一个命令窗口:
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0 /a
# cd /a
# ufsdump rvf /dev/rmt/0
# rm restoresymtable
# cd /usr/platform/'uname -i'/libfs/ufs
# installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
# umount /a
# init 6
常用备份/恢复命令(dditional backup command )
============================================
[1] mt,
[2] tar,
[3] dd,
[4] cpio
软盘操作
===========
# volcheck
# fdformat -U (unix格式化软盘), fdformat -d (dos 系统格式化)
# newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0(在软盘上建UFS文件系统)
# mount -t pcfs /dev/fd0 /pcfs
# eject floppy
光驱操作
=========
# mount -F hsfs /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /mnt/cdrom
# fuser -k /mnt/cdrom
# eject
磁带机操作
============
# mt -f /dev/rmt/0 rew (到带)
# mt -f /dev/rmt/0n status{eof | rewind | erase | offline | bsf n | fsf n}
(0n 表示磁带操作完后不到带,
status 表示查看磁带状态，
eof 表示到磁带最后一个文件，
rewind 表示到带到磁带最前，
erase 摸掉，
offline 弹出磁带，
bsf n 磁带往回退n个文件，
fsf n 磁带往前n个文件)
# tar xvf /dev/rmt/0
(从磁带到硬盘,解开归档文件)
# tar tvf /dev/rmt/0
(查看磁带内容，查看归档文件内容)
# tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 文件系统
(将文件系统考入磁带，将多个文件、目录建成归档文件)
11. 网络管理(network)
相关配置文件
=============
[1] /etc/nodename
[2] /etc/hosts
[3] /etc/hostname.hme0
(qe0, le0, hme1, hme2, ..., hme0:1, hme0:2, ... )
[4] /etc/netmasks
[5] /etc/networks
[6] /etc/defaultrouter
[7] /etc/notrouter
[8] /etc/inetd.conf
[9] /etc/rpc
[10] /etc/services
相关进程deamon:
================
[1] in.tcpipd
[2] in.routed
[3] in.rdisc
......
常用网络管理命令command:
========================
[1] ifconfig -a
[2] netstat -rn
[3] snoop -d hme0
[4] route
[5] arp -a
[6] /usr/sbin/ping
[7] /usr/bin/telnet
[8] /usr/bin/rlogin
[9] /usr/bin/ftp
[10] /usr/openwin/bin/xhost
配制网络端口
============
# ifconfig
示例:
# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 plumb
# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 up
# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 down
修改路由表
============
# netstat -r
# route add net 10.10.10.0 10.10.10.1 1
# route add default 10.10.10.1 1
o 增加静态路由:
# vi /etc/defaultrouter
10.10.10.1 i1
# sync;sync;reboot
o 查看路由进程
# ps -ef |grep routed
重新关闭/启动tcp/ip协议进程
=============================
#sh /etc/init.d/inetinit stop
#sh /etc/init.d/inetinit start
12. 路由服务器:
系统有两个/或两个以上的网口,可作为路由器或防火墙
禁止两个网口间路由ip
====================
# cd /etc
# touch notrouter
# sync
# sync
# reboot
查看路由进程
=============
# ps -ef |grep routed
# ps -ef |grep in.rdisc
阿毛~ 回复于：2006-01-13 16:39:00
13. 域名服务器(dns)
相应配置文件
============
[1] /etc/named.boot
[2] /etc/named.conf (only for solaris 2.7)
[3] /var/named/db.*;
[4] /etc/nsswitch.conf
[5] /etc/resolv.conf
相应系统进程
============
[1] in.named;
[2] bind
相关命令
========
[1] /etc/init.d/inetsvc;
# /etc/init.d/inetsvc stop
# /etc/init.d/inetsvc start
[2] nslookup
域名服务client端配置示例
========================
# vi /etc/nsswitch.conf
hosts: files dns
# vi /etc/resolv.conf
domain leadcom.com
search leadcom.com
nameserver 192.168.0.100
# nslookup
14. NIS 服务器
相应配置文件
============
[1] /var/yp,
[2] /var/yp/Makefile
[3] /etc/defaultdomain
[4] /etc/nsswitch.conf
[5] /etc/hosts,
[6] /etc/networks, ...
相应系统进程
============
[1] ypserv;
[2] ypbind
相关命令
========
[1] domainname
[2] /etc/init.d/rpc (start/stop ypserv,ypbind)
[3] ypinit -m; ypinit -c
[4] yppush;
[5] ypcat
NIS 配置示例
========================
# vi /etc/defaultdomain
YP.sun.com
# domainname YP.sun.com
# cd /var/yp
# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf
# vi Makefile
#B=-b nis no dns
B=
B=-b nis also dns
#B=
# vi resolv.conf
# /usr/ccs/bin/make
# ypinit -m
# /etc/init.d/rpc start
# yppush
# ypcat hosts
# ypinit -c
client端配置
============
# vi /etc/defaultdomain
YP.sun.com
# domainname YP.sun.com
# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf
# ypinit -c
# /etc/init.d/rpc start
# ypcat hosts
15. NFS 文件系统(nfs file system )
相应配置文件
============
[1] /etc/dfs/dfstab;(nfs server)
例如:
# vi /etc/dfs/dfstab
share -F nfs -o rw=engineering -d "home dirs" /export/home
share -F nfs -o ro -d "app dirs" /export/app
share -F nfs -o ro -d "man dirs" /usr/share/man
[2] /etc/vfstab;(nfs client)
# vi /etc/vfstab
i2:/export/home - /export/home nfs - yes soft,bg
i2:/export/app - /export/app nfs - yes soft,bg
i2:/usr/share/man - /usr/share/man nfs - yes soft,bg
rw|ro,bg|fg, soft|hard, intr|nointr,suid|nosuid, timeo=n
default=11x.1sec, retry=n 1k.
相应系统进程
============
[1] mountd
[2] nfsd
[3] statd
[4] lockd
相关命令
========
[1] share,
例如:
# share -F nfs /export/home
# share -F nfs -o ro /usr/share/man
[2] unshare,
[3] shareall,
[4] unshareall;
[5] mount
例如:
# mount nfsserver:/export/home /export/home
# mount nfsserver:/export/app /export/app
# mount nfsserver:/usr/share/man /usr/share/man
[6] umount,
[7] mountall,
[8] umountall,
[9] dfshares host,
[10] dfmounts
[11] /etc/init.d/nfs.server; /etc/init.d/nfs.client
例如:
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start
16. 并行打印机管理(Parallel Port Printer )
并行打印机driver
================
/dev/bpp0-> /devices/.../...:bpp0 (打印server: i2)
/dev/ecpp0->/devices/.../...:ecpp0 (打印client: i1)
图形管理工具
=============
# admintool &
Menu:Browse-->printers
Menu:Edit-->add-->Local Printer...
Printer Name: bpp0
Print Server: i2
Description: bpp on i2
Print Port: /dev/bpp0
Printer Type: PostScript
File Content: PostScript
Fault Notification: None
Option: Accept Print Requests, Process Print Requests
User Access List: all
press OK
# admintool &
Menu:Browse-->printers
Menu:Edit-->add-->Access to Printer...
Print Client: i1
Printer Name: bpp0
Print Server: i2
Description: bpp0 on i2
Option: Default Printer
Press OK
# xetops
convert chinese text file to PostScript file
17. 用户管理user account
图形管理工具
=============
# admintool &
相关文件
========
[1] /etc/passwd
例如:
# vi /etc/passwd
max::1001:10:max li:/home/max:/bin/csh
frank::1002:10:frank lau:/export/home/frank:/sbin/sh
[2] /etc/shaddow
[3] /etc/group
[4] /export/home/user
[5] .cshrc
C shell
# vi .cshrc
umask 022
set path = ( /bin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/ucb \
/usr/lib /etc/init.d \
/usr/lib/netsvc/yp /usr/lib/nis \
/usr/ccs/bin \
/usr/openwin/bin )
setenv TERM sun-cmd
setenv EDITOR /usr/bin/vi
# source .cshrc
# setenv PATH "/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/ucb/bin"
[6] .login
[7] .profile
B shell
# vi .profile
umask 022
PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/lib:/etc/init.d:
PATH=$PATH:/usr/lib/netsvc/yp:/usr/lib/nis:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/openwin/bin
TERM=vt100
DISPLAY=i2:0.0
export PATH TERM DISPLAY
#. /.profile
#set
[8] .Xdefaults
[9] .dt
用户管理常用命令
=================
[1] chmod
例如:
#chmod -R 755 /export/home/frank
[2] chown
例如:
#chown -R frank:staff /export/home/frank
[3] chgrp
18. 常用UNIX命令集锦(Commonly used UNIX commands )
[1] cat
[2] ls -al
[3] cd
[4] pwd
[5] mv
[6] cp
[7] rm -r
[8] rmdir
[9] mkdir
[10] find (find /etc -name host )
[11] lp
[12] set; setenv; export;
[13] df -k
[14] du -k (du .)
[15] grep (ps -ef|grep root)
[16] ps -ef
[17] kill id (kill -9 pid)
[18] du
[19] ln
[20] man( man -k keyword)
[21] catman
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