----标准DataGuard参数设置------------------------------
alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=ta_std REOPEN=300  VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLES) db_unique_name=ta_std';
alter system set fal_server='ta_std';
alter system set fal_client='ta';

alter system set fal_server='ta';
alter system set fal_client='ta_std';

----利用ssh tunnel的DataGuard参数设置------------------------------
alter system set log_archive_dest_2 = 'SERVICE=ta_ssh NOREOPEN VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLES) db_unique_name=ta_std alternate=log_archive_dest_3';
alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2= enable;
--注意：log_archive_dest_2需要设置noreopen或者reopen=0属性，否则无法迅速切换到备用路径。

alter system set log_archive_dest_3 = 'SERVICE=ta_std REOPEN=300 VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLES) db_unique_name=ta_std';
alter system set log_archive_dest_state_3=alternate;
--注意：当归档目标log_archive_dest_2不能正常归档时，数据库切换归档目标到log_archive_dest_3，即使log_archive_dest_2归档目标恢复正常，也不会再自动切换回去，需要手工重新修改路径状态参数：
--alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2= enable;
--alter system set log_archive_dest_state_3= alternate;

alter system set fal_server = 'ta_ssh';
alter system set fal_client = 'ta';

测试
tnsping ta     tnsing ta_std     tnsing ta_ssh

------------------------------------------------------
p170a:    ssh -L 15210:p170b:1521 -C -N p170b
p170b:    ssh -L 15210:p170a:1521 -C -N p170a

redhat1:    ssh -L 15210:redhat2:1521 -C -N redhat2
redhat2:    ssh -L 15210:redhat1:1521 -C -N redhat1

----DataGuard 中注册日志文件------------------------------
alter database register OR replace logfile '/data/arch_ta/1_515_673519034.dbf';

注册日志文件
catalog archivelog '....';

ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS';
SELECT TIMESTAMP,MESSAGE FROM V$DATAGUARD_STATUS;

SELECT * FROM (SELECT THREAD#,SEQUENCE#,FIRST_CHANGE#,NEXT_CHANGE#,APPLIED FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY FIRST_CHANGE# DESC) WHERE ROWNUM<20;

一、PRIMARY DATABASE

1、设置DB FORCE_LOGGING为YES
SELECT FORCE_LOGGING FROM V$DATABASE;
ALTER DATABASE FORCE LOGGING;
ALTER DATABASE NO FORCE LOGGING;

2、设置保护模式
SELECT OPEN_MODE,DATABASE_ROLE,SWITCHOVER_STATUS,PROTECTION_MODE, PROTECTION_LEVEL FROM V$DATABASE;
ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PROTECTION;
ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE AVAILABILITY;
ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE;

3、设置归档目标
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_1='location=/app/oracle/arch';
ALTER SYSTEM set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=ta_std REOPEN=300  VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLES)';
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_1=enable;
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_2=defer;

ALTER SYSTEM SET fal_server=ta_std;
ALTER SYSTEM SET fal_client=fmp;

ALTER SYSTEM set DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='fmpdb','fmpdb' SCOPE=SPFILE;
ALTER SYSTEM set LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='fmpdb','fmpdb' SCOPE=SPFILE;
ALTER SYSTEM SET standby_file_management=auto;

二、STANDBY DATABASE

1、建目录结构
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\admin
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\flash_recovery_area
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\fmpdb
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\fmpdbarch

2、copy
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\database\PWDfmpdb.ora
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\database\SPFILEFMPDB.ORA
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\NETWORK\ADMIN\listener.ora  需修改IP
D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\NETWORK\ADMIN\tnsnames.ora

C:\> ORADIM -NEW -sid fmpdb
C:\> orapwd file=D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\database\PWDfmpdb.ora password=oracle force=y
--password必须与PRIMARY保持一致

starup nomount
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_1='location=D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\fmpdbarch';
ALTER SYSTEM set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE= REOPEN=300 VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLES)';
--ALTER SYSTEM reset LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 scope=spfile sid='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_1=enable;
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_1=defer;

ALTER SYSTEM SET fal_server=fmp;
ALTER SYSTEM SET fal_client=fmp_std;

三、PRIMARY DATABASE

RMAN 备份：
rman target /
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
crosscheck archivelog all;
delete noprompt expired archivelog all;

BACKUP format 'D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\backup\%d_STBY_%T_%s_%p' current controlfile for standby;
BACKUP format 'D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\backup\%d_FULL_%T_%s_%p' database MAXSETSIZE 2G;
SQL 'alter system archive log current';
BACKUP format 'D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\backup\%d_ARCH_%T_%s_%p' archivelog all MAXSETSIZE 2G;
exit;

四、STANDBY DATABASE
1、copy 主D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\backup\*.*至备
2、
RMAN target sys/oracle@fmp
connect auxiliary sys/oracle@fmp_std
duplicate target database for standby nofilenamecheck;
 [dorecover];

五、PRIMARY DATABASE
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_2=enable;

六、STANDBY DATABASE
startup mount
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_2=enable;

--启动了MRP0进程(Managed Standby Recovery)
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

七、检查
--查询尚未APPLIED的archived log(STANDBY端)
SELECT * FROM (SELECT THREAD#,SEQUENCE#,FIRST_CHANGE#,NEXT_CHANGE#,APPLIED FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY FIRST_CHANGE# DESC) WHERE ROWNUM<20;

--察看从数据库已经归档的redo
SELECT REGISTRAR,CREATOR,THREAD#,SEQUENCE#,APPLIED,FIRST_CHANGE#,NEXT_CHANGE# FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG;

--察看从数据库已经应用的redo
SELECT THREAD#, SEQUENCE#, FIRST_CHANGE#, NEXT_CHANGE# FROM V$LOG_HISTORY;

--DATAGUARD 状态
ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS';
SELECT TIMESTAMP,MESSAGE FROM V$DATAGUARD_STATUS;

--从数据库端察看RFS(Remote File Service)接收日志情况和MRP应用日志同步主数据库情况
COL STATUS FORMAT A15
SELECT PROCESS,STATUS,THREAD#,SEQUENCE#,BLOCK#,BLOCKS FROM V$MANAGED_STANDBY;

--察看从数据库是否和主数据库同步
COL DEST_NAME FORMAT A20
SELECT DEST_NAME,ARCHIVED_THREAD#, ARCHIVED_SEQ#, APPLIED_THREAD#, APPLIED_SEQ# FROM V$ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS;

col DESTINATION format a50
SELECT DEST_NAME,DESTINATION, STATUS, ARCHIVED_THREAD#, ARCHIVED_SEQ# FROM V$ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS WHERE STATUS <> 'DEFERRED' AND STATUS <> 'INACTIVE';

--GAP
SELECT * FROM V$ARCHIVE_GAP;

第二部分 主数据库正常切换

一 人工干预主数据库正常切换

1 在主数据库端检验数据库可切换状态
SQL> SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
SWITCHOVER_STATUS
-----------------
TO STANDBY
1 row selected

SWITCHOVER_STATUS:TO STANDBY表示可以正常切换.
如果SWITCHOVER_STATUS的值为SESSIONS ACTIVE,表示当前有会话处于ACTIVE状态

2 开始主数据库正常切换 IP:172.16.75.35
如果SWITCHOVER_STATUS的值为TO STANDBY 则:
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY;
如果SWITCHOVER_STATUS的值为SESSIONS ACTIVE 则:
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;
成功运行这个命令后，主数据库被修改为从数据库

3 重启先前的主数据库
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
SQL> STARTUP MOUNT;

4 在从数据库端验证可切换状态 IP:172.16.75.30
SQL> SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
SWITCHOVER_STATUS
-----------------
TO_PRIMARY
1 row selected

5 将目标从数据库转换为主数据库 IP:172.16.75.30
如果SWITCHOVER_STATUS的值为TO STANDBY 则:
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;
如果SWITCHOVER_STATUS的值为SESSIONS ACTIVE 则:
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;
成功运行这个命令后，从数据库被修改为主数据库

6 重启目标从数据库
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
SQL> STARTUP;

7 先前主数据库启动日志传送进程
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect;

============================================================================
--ALTER SYSTEM set log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(testdb,testdb2)';

ALTER DATABASE CREATE STANDBY CONTROLFILE AS 'D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\boston\CONTROL01.CTL';

--启动了MRP0进程(Managed Standby Recovery)
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE;
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT;
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE;
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;

SET PAGESIZE 200
SELECT * FROM V$PROCESS;
SELECT * FROM V$BGPROCESS WHERE PADDR<>'00';

SELECT USERNAME,TERMINAL,PROGRAM FROM V$PROCESS;
SELECT * FROM V$BGPROCESS WHERE PADDR<>'00';
COL USERNAME FORMAT A15
COL MACHINE FORMAT A30
SELECT USERNAME,MACHINE,TERMINAL,PROGRAM FROM V$SESSION;

-------

rman nocatalog target sys/oracle@ta
run {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 DEVICE TYPE DISK CONNECT 'sys/oracle@ta1' format '/app/oracle/backup/rac1_%U';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c2 DEVICE TYPE DISK CONNECT 'sys/oracle@ta2' format '/app/oracle/backup/rac2_%U';
sql 'alter system archive log current';
backup filesperset 3 archivelog all delete all input;
release channel c1;
release channel c2;
}

rman nocatalog target sys/oracle@ta
run {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 DEVICE TYPE DISK CONNECT 'sys/oracle@ta1';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c2 DEVICE TYPE DISK CONNECT 'sys/oracle@ta2';
BACKUP FORMAT '/app/oracle/backup/%t_%U' DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;
BACKUP FORMAT '/app/oracle/backup/%t_%U' CURRENT CONTROLFILE FOR STANDBY;
release channel c1;
release channel c2;
}

-----RAC环境下，交叉验证-----------------------------------------
allocate channel for maintenance device type DISK connect 'sys/oracle@ora921';
allocate channel for maintenance device type DISK connect 'sys/oracle@ora922';
crosscheck archivelog all;
delete noprompt expired archivelog all;
release channel;

crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
delete noprompt obsolete;
release channel;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

RMAN>
catalog archivelog '/arch/ora92/2_1.dbf';
list archivelog all;

scp -p -r oracle@192.168.192.71:/app/oracle/backup /app/oracle
scp -p -r oracle@192.168.192.72:/app/oracle/backup /app/oracle

orapwd file=/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwta password=oracle force=y

ALTER SYSTEM set DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='ta','ta' SCOPE=SPFILE;
ALTER SYSTEM set LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='ta','ta' SCOPE=SPFILE;

rman target sys/oracle@ta
connect auxiliary sys/oracle@ta_std
duplicate target database for standby nofilenamecheck;

--primary
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_config='dg_config=(ta,ta_std)' sid='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_1='location=/app/oracle/arch' sid='*';
ALTER SYSTEM set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=ta_std REOPEN=300  VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLES) db_unique_name=ta_std' sid='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_1=enable sid='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_2=defer sid='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET standby_file_management=auto sid='*'

--standby
ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_config='dg_config=(ta,ta_std)';
ALTER SYSTEM SET standby_file_management=auto;
ALTER SYSTEM SET fal_server='ta1','ta2';
ALTER SYSTEM SET fal_client='ta_std';

ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_state_2=enable sid='*';

ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;
recover managed standby database finish;

通过故障切换实现角色转换
1、查询备用数据中v$archive_gap视图来定位备用数据库中的日志缺失。
2、在备用数据库中通过下面的命令对归档日志进行注册
   alter database register physical logfile '......';
3、alter database recover managed standby database finish;
   alter database recover managed standby database finish skip standby logfile;
4、alter database commit to switchover to primary;
5、shutdown immediate;
   startup;

fmpdb =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.20.1)(PORT = 1521))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.20.2)(PORT = 1521))
      (LOAD_BALANCE = yes)
    )
    (CONNECT_DAfmpdb =
      (SERVICE_NAME = fmpdb)
       (FAILOVER_MODE =
        (TYPE = SELECT)
        (METHOD = BASIC)
        (RETRIES = 180)
        (DELAY = 5)
      )
    )
  )

fmpdb1 =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.20.1)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DAfmpdb =
      (SERVICE_NAME = fmpdb)
    )
  )

fmpdb2 =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.20.2)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DAfmpdb =
      (SERVICE_NAME = fmpdb)
    )
  )

fmpdb_std =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.18.0.11)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DAfmpdb =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = fmpdb)
    )
  )

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://hi.baidu.com/dbaeyes/blog/item/740c3bfb3e0d5361034f568e.html

standby 管理和维护2008年07月13日 星期日 00:31管理：

查询库状态：
SQL> select name,SWITCHOVER_STATUS,open_mode,PROTECTION_MODE,DATABASE_ROLE
          from v$database;

验证archive log是否接收和 applied.
SQL> alter session set nls_datE_format='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS';

select SEQUENCE#,DEST_ID,ARCHIVED,APPLIED,DELETED,
STATUS,FIRST_TIME from v$archived_log order by SEQUENCE#;

启动到管理模式:
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup nomount
SQL> alter database mount standby database
SQL> recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
----------

SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;

10g以后，采用联机日志的传递传递方式，
SQL> recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;

启动到只读模式：
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup nomount
SQL> alter database mount standby database
SQL> alter databae open read only;

在管理模式恢复到只读模式：
SQL> recover managed standby database cancel;
SQL> alter database open read only

在只读模式可以给数据库添加临时数据文件（在rman备份是没有备份的），想让standby提供只读服务或者切换成主库，最好先增加链式文件
SQL> alter tablespace temp add tempfile 'C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\dgtest\temp02.dbf' size 100m;

只读模式到管理模式
SQL> recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

在备库进行备份
1.停止应用程序，跳转到 read only模式，同坐backup database命令来备份数据库，这样数据库处于一致性模式
2. 备份完成后，备份控制文件
SQL> ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO 'FILE NAME';

主备切换

正常切换 (switchover)
切换准备: 准备参数文件，平时应该备好，注意参数 fal_server，fal_client

先确认能否转换：
SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;

主 -> 备
$lsnrclt stop
杀光进程或者重启数据库
SQL> alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;

SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup nomount pfile ='';
SQL> alter database mount standby database;
SQL> recover managed standby database disconnect;

备 -> 主
SQL> alter database commit to switchover to primary with session shutdown;
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> startup pfile =''

如果考虑在主备库来回切换，要保证数据库版本一致，参数compatible一致

失败切换 (Failover)
主服务器不能使用情况下

在备库
SQL> recover managed standby database cancel;

--如果在备用库上有备用库日志文件，参考命令
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database finish; -- [force|wait|nowait] 10g or later
--没有备库日志文件[10gR2之前]
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database finish skip standby logfile;

--切换备库到主库
SQL> alter database commit to switchover to primary;
-- open
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup pfile=''

如果还有为传递的归档日志或者主库的联机日志
SQL>alter database register logfile 'c:\...'
SQL>recover standby database;

强行切换（激活）
激活备用服务器，在重启数据库时，备库会resetlog。
SQL>alter system archive log current;
SQL>recover managed standby database cancel;
SQL>alter database activate standby database;
SQL>shutdown immediate;
SQL>startup pfile=''

-----
apply 主库redolog并强制切换
SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;
--选定redolog恢复
SQL> recover standby database until cancel;

Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}
/u01/oradata/dgtest/redo02.log
Log applied.
Media recovery complete.

recovery 完成之后就要failover了。

SQL>alter database activate standby database;
SQL>shutdown immediate;
SQL>startup pfile=''
-- http://hi.baidu.com/wa0362/blog/item/33e52912a91eadcbc2fd78b9.html
-- http://zf_wu.itpub.net/

-- 参考来源： 《oracle高可用环境》

--http://www.oracleblog.cn/study-note/reduce-the-data-loss-of-data-guard-when-failover/

相关视图

v$archive_dest
v$archive_dest_status
v$log_history
v$archvied_log
v$managed_standby
v$archive_gap

-- EOF --

http://oracle.chinaitlab.com/serial/740174.html

激活备库到read/write状态
SQL> alter database activate standby database;
数据库已更改。
SQL> alter database open;
数据库已更改。

转换成备库
SQL> alter database convert to physical standby;
数据库已更改。

-- EOF --

SQL> alter system reset open_cursors SCOPE=spfile SID='*'
详见《spfile-reset.txt》

$export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

alter session set nls_language=american;

日期格式
ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS';
alter session set nls_date_format='YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS AM';
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

alter session set NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24.MI.SSXFF';
alter session set NLS_TIMESTAMP_TZ_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24.MI.SSXFF';
SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;

启用/不启用闪回日志记录，在MOUNT状态下
alter database flashback on|off;
select  FLASHBACK_ON from v$database;

select * from nls_database_parameters;
select * from nls_instance_parameters;
select * from nls_session_parameters;

SELECT * FROM V$NLS_VALID_VALUES
SELECT * FROM V$NLS_PARAMETERS

//关于回滚段
select distinct segment_type from dba_segments;
select segment_type,count(segment_type) from dba_segments group by segment_type;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;

show user    //显示当前用户
select * from v$version;

ALTER USER xxx ACCOUNT LOCK|UNLOCK;
ALTER USER xxx PASSWORD EXPIRE;用xxx登录输入新口令
select * from v$pwfile_users;

031

show sga
show parameter sga_max_size   //SGA最大值
show parameter shared_pool
show parameter db_cache
show parameter log_buffer

alter system set db_cache_size=xxM    //更改

select * from v$bgprocess;

select * from v$datafile;
select * from v$controlfile;
select * from v$logfile;
select * from v$log;
select * from v$tempfile;

dbca
netca
netmgr
runInstaller
oemapp console

orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users>
select * from v$pwfile_users;  查特权用户

select name,value from v$system_parameter;   查询系统参数

alter system set xxx=value scope=memory|spfile|both;
alter session set yyy=value;

create spfile=<fname> from pfile;
create pfile=<fname> from spfile;

create tablespace test1 datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/test1.dbf' size 10m;
drop tablespace test1 including contents and datafiles;

startup [nomount|mount|open]
 pfile=
 restrict
 recovery
 force
    

startup nomout;
alter database mount;
alter database open [read only];

alter system enable restricted session;
alter system disable restricted session;

shutdown normal|transaction|immediate|abort

----05
select * from dba_users;
select * from dba_objects;

select * from dba_tables;
select * from all_tables;
select * from user_tables;

desc dictionary      //数据字典
select * from dictionary

desc v$fixed_table     //动态性能表
select * from v$fixed_table;

set serveroutput on
execute dbms_output.put_line('hello!')

-----6
select * from v$tablespace;
alter tablespace users begin backup;
select * from v$backup;
alter tablespace users end backup;

//显示已归档的日志
select * from v$archived_log;

//显示控制文件的信息
select * from v$controlfile;
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%';
show parameter control;
show parameter control_files
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;

alter system set control_files=
 '/opt/ora9/oradata/ora9i/control01.ctl',
 '/opt/ora9/oradata/ora9i/control02.ctl',
 '/opt/ora9/oradata/ora9i/control03.ctl',
 '/opt/ora9/oradata/ora9i/control04.ctl'
 scope=spfile;

show parameter spfile;
show parameter pfile;
startup pfile=/opt/ora9/product/9.2/dbs/initora9i.ora  //注意这个目录是指本机。

备份控制文件的方法：
1、shutdown后，拷贝控制文件
2、在线备份:
   alter database backup controlfile to '/opt/ora9/oradata/ora9i/control.bak';
或 alter database backup controlfile to trace;  //在udump下产生了一个trace文件，该文件包含生成控制文件所需要的脚本。

-----7
alter system switch logfile;  //强制日志switch
alter system checkpoint;

//增加日志组
alter database add logfile group 4
 '/opt/ora9/oradata/LMOA/redo04.ora' size 10m;
alter database add logfile group 5
 ('/opt/ora9/oradata/LMOA/redo05A.ora','/opt/ora9/oradata/LMOA/redo05B.ora') size 10m;

//增加日志组的成员
alter database add logfile member
 '/opt/ora9/oradata/LMOA/redo03B.ora' to group 3,
 '/opt/ora9/oradata/LMOA/redo04B.ora' to group 4;

//删除日志组
alter database drop logfile group 4;

//删除日志组的成员
alter database drop logfile member '/opt/ora9/oradata/LMOA/redo04B.ora'

//清除在线日志
alter database clear logfile group 1;
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1; //清除未归档日志，需马上作full backup

//更改日志文件
alter database rename file '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/redo01.log'
 to '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/redo01a.log';

设置归档
shutdown immediate
startup mount
alter database archivelog/noarchivelog
alter database open;
archive log list;
full db backup

启动自动存档
[alter system] archive log start/stop;

手工归档所有日志
alter system archive log all;

查看已归档的日志文件
select * from v$archived_log;

日志挖掘
logmnr--1) set directory utl_file_dir
 2) restartup
 3) create directory file
    dbms_logmnr_d.build
 4) add/remove log file
    dbms_logmnr.add_logfile
    dbms_logmnr.remove_logfile
 5) start logmnr
    dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
 6) v$logmnr_content--sqlredo/sqlundo

-----8
//获取表空间等信息
select * from dba_tablespaces;
select * from v$tablespace;
select * from dba_data_files;
select * from v$datafile;
select * from dba_temp_files;
select * from v$tempfile;

//不包括临时文件
select t1.name,t2.name   
from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2
where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;

//包括临时文件
select t1.name,t2.name   
from v$tablespace t1,(select ts#,name from v$datafile union select ts#,name from v$tempfile) t2
where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;

select * from dba_rollback_segs; //系统回滚段

alter user licg quota 10m on users;
alter user licg quota unlimited on users;

create tablespace test
datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/test.dbf' size 100M
autoextend on next 5M maxsize 200M;

create tablespace stk_ts
datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/stk_ts01.dbf' size 20M
extent management local uniform size 512k/autoallocate;

create undo tablespace undo1
datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/undo101.dbf' size 100m;

create temporary tablespace temp1
tempfile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/temp101.dbf' size 50m
extent management local uniform size 10m;

alter database default temporary tablespace temp1;

alter tablespace xxx offline|online;
alter tablespace xxx read only;
drop tablespace xxx;  再删除OS文件
drop tablespace xxx including contents and datafiles;

//扩张
alter database datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/test.dbf' resize 150M;
alter database datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/test.dbf' autoextend on;
alter tablespace users add datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/users02.dbf' size 10m;

//移动表空间
alter tablespace test offline;
移动OS文件
alter tablespace test
rename datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/test.dbf'
      to '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/test01.dbf';
alter tablespace test online;

//移动系统表空间
start mount;
移动OS文件
alter database
rename file '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/system01.dbf'
  to '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/system.dbf';
alter database open;

-----9
 扩展段
alter table test allocate extent(size 1m);
alter table test deallocate unused;

select * from dba_tablespaces;
select * from dba_data_files;
select * from dba_free_space;
select * from dba_segments;
select * from dba_extents;

//计算某对象占的空间
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents
where owner='SYS' and segment_name='TEST';

----10
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
recover datafile '/opt/ora9/oradata/test/users01.dbf';
或者recover datafile 5;
alter tablespace users online;

alter system set undo_tablespace=undo1   //可建多个UNDO表空间，但一个实例在任何时刻只能使用一个

execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
select * from xxx;
execute dbms_flashback.disable;

select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;

select * from dba_rollback_segs;
select * from v$rollname;
select * from v$rollstat;
select * from v$undostat;
select * from v$session;
select * from v$transaction;

----11
desc dbms_rowid

create global temporary table xxx
on commit delete|preserve rows
as select * from test;

alter table test allocate extent(size 500k,datafile '...');
alter table test deallocate unused [keep 2K];
alter table test move tablespace data1;

//建索引
create index testindex1
on test(id) tablespace users;

alter index testindex1 rebuild;
drop table test cascade constraint;

alter table test drop column yyy [cascade constraints];

alter table test set unused column yyy [checkpoint 1000];
alter table test drop unused columns [continue] [checkpoint 1000];

select * from dba_tables;
select * from dba_objects;

-----12

alter inde xxx coalesce;
analyze index xxx validate structure;
desc index_stats;
select * from user_indexes;
alter index xxx monitoring|nomonitoring usage;

select * from dba_indexes;
select * from dba_ind_columns;
select * from dba_ind_expressions;
select * from v$object_usage;

-----13
alter table authors
add constraint pk_1 primary key(au_id);

alter table authors
add constraint uk_1 unique(au_lanme,au_fname);

alter table sales
add constraint fk_sales foreign key(stor_id) references stores(stor_id);

alter table stores
add constraint ck_stores_1 check(stor_name like 'B%')
[enable novalidate];

alter table authors drop constraint pk_1;

select * from dba_constraints;
select * from dba_cons_columns;

-----14
alter user test account lock|unlock|password expire;
SQL>password

select * from dba_users;
selecT * frm dba_profiles;

-----15
create user test
identified by tttt
default tablespace users
temporary tablespace temp1
quota 15m on users
password expire;

alter user testuser quota 10m on temp;

select * from dba_users;
select * from dba_ts_quotas;

-----16
DBA_SYS_PRIVS  lists system privileges granted to users and roles
SESSION_PRIVS  lists the privileges that are currently available to the user
DBA_TAB_PRIVS  lists all grants on all objects in the database
DBA_COL_PRIVS  describes all object column grants in the database.

-----17
DBA_ROLES  All roles that exist in the database
DBA_ROLE_PRIVS  Roles granted to users and roles
ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS Roles that are granted to roles
DBA_SYS_PRIVS  System privileges granted to users and roles
ROLE_SYS_PRIVS  System privileges granted to roles
ROLE_TAB_PRIVS  Object privileges granted to roles
SESSION_ROLES  Roles that the user currently hasenabled

-----18
create tablespace testtb datafile 'D:\oracle\oradata\sales\testtb01.dbf' size 5M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 2M
LOGGING
ONLINE
PERMANENT
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 2M
BLOCKSIZE 8K
SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO;

alter tablespace testtb add datafile 'D:\oracle\oradata\sales\testtb02.dbf' size 5m;

alter database datafile 'D:\oracle\oradata\sales\testtb01.dbf' autoextend off;
alter database datafile 'D:\oracle\oradata\sales\testtb02.dbf' autoextend on;

select * from USER_OBJECTS WHERE status!='VALID';
select * from USER_INDEXES WHERE status!='VALID';

declare incr number := 1;
begin
update t1 set age=age+incr;
commit;
end;

create or replace procedure inc_age(incr number) as
begin
update t1 set age=age+incr;
commit;
end;

create or replace package numbers
as
function odd_even(v1 number) return varchar2;
procedure ins_ints(v1 in number);
end numbers;

----改日志文件大小-------------------------------------
alter database add logfile group 4 'D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\CTS\REDO04.LOG' size 100m;
alter database add logfile group 5 'D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\CTS\REDO05.LOG' size 100m;

alter system archive log current;
alter system archive log current;
alter system checkpoint;

alter database drop logfile group 1;
alter database drop logfile group 2;
alter database drop logfile group 3;

alter database add logfile group 1 'D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\CTS\REDO01.LOG' size 100m;
alter database add logfile group 2 'D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\CTS\REDO02.LOG' size 100m;
alter database add logfile group 3 'D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\CTS\REDO03.LOG' size 100m;

alter system archive log current;
alter system archive log current;
alter system checkpoint;

alter database drop logfile group 4;
alter database drop logfile group 5;

-- MERGE 命令 ------------------------------------------
MERGE INTO test D
USING (SELECT id,name FROM test1 WHERE id <=18) S
ON (D.id = S.id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET D.name = S.name DELETE WHERE (S.id >=5)
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (D.id, D.name) VALUES (S.id, S.name);
commit;

MERGE INTO test D
USING (SELECT id,name FROM test1 WHERE id <=18) S
ON (D.id = S.id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET D.name = S.name WHERE (S.id >=5)
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (D.id, D.name) VALUES (S.id, S.name)
WHERE (S.id <=16);
commit;

MERGE INTO test D
USING (SELECT id,name FROM test1 WHERE id <=18) S
ON (D.id = S.id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET D.name = S.name
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (D.id, D.name) VALUES (S.id, S.name);
commit;

delete test where id>10;
update test set name=id;
commit;
select * from test order by id;
select * from test1 order by id;